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Land, livelihoods and Housing - Working Paper, A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

14
March 2022

A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia
Elsemi Olwage

1. Introduction

Namibia is shifting towards becoming an urban based society, with strong urban growth
rates during the last two decades. Although rural homes, land and linkages remain crucial,
it is towards the urban and peri-urban settlements that people gravitate and where the
most lives are lived, and livelihoods sought and created. This urban growth is
accompanied by growing demands for serviced land and infrastructure, tenure security,
housing, sanitation, and transport and by complex, creative, and contested shifts in
demographics, economies, ecologies, relations, and public life. For one, urban growth is
entrenching existing inequalities in urban landscapes still wrestling with colonial and
apartheid socio-spatial legacies and segregation, high rates of unemployment, poverty,
and insecurity. At the same time, it is generating new forms of exclusion, including
unequal access to information and communication technologies and food security, and
the privatisation of urban public space and land. Despite these developments, research
on urbanisation, urban development and urban socio-spatial dynamics within Namibia
remain limited, somewhat unknown, and largely underfunded.

The aim of this bibliography is to provide an overview of existing literature on urban
development in Namibia, to highlight the changing trends in urban research and
knowledge production, and to illuminate the gaps and opportunities for future research.
Moreover, in creating this bibliography we hope to further foster dialogue and
engagement between disparate and past and present scholars and urban practitioners,
and across the disciplinary boundaries and silos. And lastly, given the trends towards
urban growth, this bibliography can inform more critical and historically-situated debates
and discussions on how we imagine, know, live, perceive, manage, and plan this growth
including in relation to concerns for inclusion, sustainability, equality, co-production and
decoloniality. The bibliography is by no means exhaustive. It does however introduce
seminal and current publications and the main institutions driving past and present urban
research.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

This bibliography was created in the context of a grant agreement between the Namibia University of Science and
Technology (NUST) and the German Cooperating Agency (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ)) on sustainable and inclusive urban development. The implementation of this agreement is facilitated by the
Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI) at NUST. The Grant Agreement supports a set of activities, including to
initiate an applied research programme. In this context, the compilation of the bibliography benefited greatly from
much support and collaboration. Research and technical support in creating the bibliography were provided by
Mersiana Shatyohamba, the project assistant. Conceptual, administrative, and coordinating support were provided by
the ILMI staff, specifically the Land, Livelihoods and Housing Programme Coordinator, Dr Guillermo Delgado, and the
Administrative Assistant, Emorgen Jansen. Sylvia Umana, the Senior Library Assistant at the NUST Librarys Digital
Collections, took on the vital task of creating and establishing the digital repository (ongoing). And lastly, Mario
Siukuta, a student assistant, aided during a one-day workshop. The methodology is outlined in more detail below.

2. Methodology

This bibliography was compiled through an extensive online search, and through drawing on personal, digital, and
institutional archives between 8th of October and 30th of November 2021. Key databases and archives consulted are
listed below:

" National Archives of Namibia: A database comprising a comprehensive range of publications, theses, and
grey literature. The NAMLIT (Namibian Literature) database is only available at the archives.

" Basler Afrika Bibliographien (Namibia Resource Centre, Southern African Library): A centre of
documentation and expertise on Namibia and southern Africa, located in Basel, Switzerland. Online
databases available: https://baslerafrikabibliographien.faust-web.de/.

" The Namibian Digital Repository: A valuable collection of digitalised Namibia sources. The repository was
established by the Namibian-based historian Bernie Moore. https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com.

" Namibia Scientific Society Library in Windhoek: A comprehensive library on Namibian and southern Africa
studies, including several publications by the Namibian Scientific Society itself. Online catalogue available:
https://www.namscience.com/library.

" Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) digital repositories and library:
https://library.nust.na/.

" The University of Namibia (UNAM) digital repository and library: https://www.unam.edu.na/library.
" Environment Information Service (EIS) E-Library: http://the-eis.com/elibrary/search/2397.
" The Habitat Resource and Development Centre Library in Katutura, Windhoek.

Additionally, a one-day long virtual and in-person workshop was organised in Windhoek on the 17th of November
2021. The workshop invited several past and present scholars on urban Namibia to participate in a reflexive exercise
on the changing nature of urban knowledge production and to provide input into the draft bibliography. Participants
included international and past scholars of urban Namibia, including Dr David Simon and Dr Fatima Müller-Friedman,
Namibian urban and development practitioners, specifically Dr Anna Muller, and emerging Namibian-based scholars,
including Dr Guillermo Delgado, Dr Phillip Lühl, Dr Ellison Tjirera, and PhD-candidates Stephanie Roland and
Nashilongweshipwe Mushaandja. The workshop process informed the framing of this bibliography, as well as its
structure and content. Subsequent input from a set of reviewers is also gratefully acknowledged. The reviewers
included Guillermo Delgado, Anna Muller, David Simon, Catharina Nord, Henning Melber, and Nashilongweshipwe
Mushaandja.

The time frame structuring this bibliography is between 1964-2021. This time frame was chosen for practical reasons,
but also because it was in 1964 that the infamous Odendaal Report was published following the Commission of Inquiry
into South West Africa (SWA) (1962-1963). This report ushered in wide-ranging territorial and socio-spatial re-
structuring based on the grand apartheid ideology of separate development and signified a crucial moment in which
SWA was comprehended as one planning unit. Nevertheless, some sources from before 1964 are also included, such
as the government ethnological reports published during the 1950s, and some earlier literature and archival sources.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

iii

Given the time and resource constraints, a thorough archival engagement was not possible. However, we hope that
the inclusion of these few sources provides an indication of the scope of the urban question, including themes such as
the histories of migrant labour and urban compounds, the divergent trajectories of the different mining, harbour,
diamond, railway and military towns, and the colonial development of infrastructure and industrial assemblages.

The bibliography is divided into two time periods: 1950-1990 (pre-independence) and 1990-2021 (post-
independence). Moreover, for each time period, sources are divided into four broad types:

1. Government and parastatal reports
2. International organisational and institutional reports and research publications
3. Namibia organisational and institutional reports and research publications
4. Academic publications thematic, conference publications & theses

Sub-categories and references under each section are organised alphabetically (apart from the conference papers
and theses section under academic publications). Given the four types above, some of the references are thus
organised according to the institutions/countries where they were produced, while others are organised thematically
under academic publications. This was done to highlight the changing international and local institutional landscapes
and their role in shaping the urban research agenda in Namibia. Given the limitations of creating a textual bibliography,
the types and the thematic categories generated should be seen as a guide rather than a rigid classification system.
Thematic categories overlap in many instances, with most publications falling within multiple categories.
Accompanying the bibliography will be the creation of a digital repository with the NUST Library. This will allow for
references to be organised according to multiple categories and types and to hopefully highlight further connections
and patterns between them.

Apart from the two main sections (pre- and post-independence sources), a third section at the end of the bibliography
includes Town histories and Profiles. Most of the resources listed in this section are available in hard copies at the
Namibia Scientific Society Library in Windhoek, with the South West African later Namibian Scientific Society and the
Museum Scientific Society Swakopmund having produced several historical publications on Namibian towns. We hope
that this section, along with the rest of the bibliography, will expand and grow with time. And lastly, a final section in
the bibliography includes useful links on Legislation concerning urban development in Namibia.

Below some key past and present trends in research on urban Namibia are highlighted. This is not meant to be a
comprehensive review, but an additional guide for framing and engaging with the bibliography.

3. Framing the bibliography

EARLY URBAN RESEARCH

The urban question in Namibia is inseparable from the wider historical processes and Namibias changing colonial and
post-colonial political and cultural economy and context. During the early to mid-20th century, research on urban
development and urbanisation in Namibia was dominated by apartheid state ethnologists and other government-
funded agencies. Additionally, from the late 1960s up until the 2000s, a handful of international and internationally-
based scholars played a major role in shaping the urban research agenda in Namibia. The lack of tertiary education
institutions in pre-independence Namibia, combined with an oppressive apartheid state regime, meant that even the
idea of research seemed foreign or had to be state-sanctioned. Post-independence, the changing political climate and
processes of internationalisation brought a wave of international researchers, while the establishment of local
research and tertiary institutions and organisations provided platforms for collaboration. These trends are briefly
outlined and discussed in more detail below.

Of all the state agencies, it is worth mentioning the National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa
(NBIC), which was established in 1978, and became operational in 1982 as Namibias official low-income housing
development agency. This agency produced a large archive on housing and urban development in Namibia. After

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Independence in 1990, the NBIC was incorporated into the newly established National Housing Enterprise (NHE). The
NBIC and NHE documents listed in this bibliography are available at the Habitat Resource and Development Centre
Library in Katutura, Windhoek. Importantly, the sources listed in this bibliography is a work in progress and only serves
as an indication of the NBIC/NHE publications available.

Furthermore, before independence, and apart from government-backed ethnologists, the urban research field was
primarily dominated by international scholars. These included, Wade Pendleton, a social anthropologist from Berkeley,
and David Simon, a South African born and UK based urban geographer, both of whom conducted their PhD research
in Namibia, and in Windhoek specifically. David Simon initially planned to study Windhoek as a post-apartheid city
during the early 1980s. However, the anticipated realisation of the Namibian independence was delayed. The subject
of his thesis (1983a) then shifted towards understanding aspects of urban change during this contested transitional
period a theme which he subsequently continued to research during the 1980s.

With the release of the Odendaal Report in 1964, urban areas were still legally reserved and regulated for whites
and the settler population. However, during the 1970s the apartheid regime was increasingly under pressure, both
locally and internationally. The Portuguese coup in 1974, followed by the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference (1975-
1978), ushered in a new era for urban development and governance in Namibia. The territory emerged as a testing
ground for observing the effects of repealing racially discriminatory legislation for urban areas. Yet, these changes
were not accompanied by larger transformations in the racist political economy and relations of production (Simon
1985b).

Simons work critically examines these processes and drivers of change in urban Namibia both from the situated
perspective of the apartheid, colonial and Third world city of Windhoek (Simon 1982, 1983c, 1984c, 1984b, 1984a)
as well as in relation to Namibias larger political geography of desegregation, decolonialisation and social
transformation, including the rise of a neo-apartheid local government (Simon 1983b, 1985c, 1985b, 1985a, 1986). His
work during the late 1980s likewise studies urban dynamics during the eventual shift to independence, including
themes such as the politics of low-income housing and squatting, changing rural-urban migration, and transport
(Simon 1988b, 1989d, 1989c, 1989a, 1989b).

During the workshop, Simon shared that navigating urban research during this time was challenging. Urban spaces
were shaped by state and security control and racial segregation, and social and research encounters were fraught
with fear and suspicion. In addition, establishing rapport in the historically black and coloured urban areas as a
white South African researcher required the careful negotiation of his multiple and shifting identities. His association
with the University of Oxford afforded him a useful outsider status and a tool to disassociate from the settler
communities and especially the apartheid state and to deflect concerns that he was a spy. At the same time, his
historical privilege as a white South African and Afrikaans, English and German linguistic capacities enabled him to
gain crucial access to places and information and to navigate the suspicions of the state.

Like Simon, most of Pendletons research was situated in Windhoek, including his PhD research (1970/1971). Coming
from a different disciplinary background, his research focused on the social relations in the city and in Katutura
specifically, including conjugal unions (1971), social categorisation and language use (1975), ethnicity and social
structures (1978), and histories of forced relocations (Pendleton 1974, Dale and Pendleton 1976), and later shifted
towards themes of urbanisation and development (1979). During the 1970s and 1980s there was also a strong political
and academic interest in in the larger political economy of migrant labour, class formation, mining compounds, and
rural-urban linkages (see for instance, Gordon 1977, Moorsom 1977). The Informationsstelle Südliches Afrika e.V (The
Information Centre Southern Africa) in Bonn, Germany, in existence since 1971, was one of a handful of international
institutions which released a number publications on urban Namibia (albeit in German), including an edited collection
on Katutura (Melber 1988, Simon 1988a) and publications on the migrant labour and homeland system (Ripken and
Wellmer 1976, Vesper 1983).

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Urban housing was another key theme during this time, yet as noted earlier, predominantly researched by state and
urban planning institutions. Anna Muller was the exception. A Namibian researcher and practitioner who has worked
in urban Namibia since the mid-1980s, she qualified as an architect at the then University of Port Elizabeth in South
Africa. Upon her return to Namibia, she worked for the government as an architect in the Department of Works. Her
interest in the social aspects of architecture and the provision of housing for developing countries motivated her to
further her studies. She was awarded a Rössing scholarship to complete a masters degree at the University of
Newcastle Upon Tyne. Her studies examined the provision of housing in Katutura in Windhoek (Muller 1985) and the
Five Rand camp in Okahandja (Muller 1988).

Working with the communities was a turning point for her. It cemented her conviction to talk to people about their
housing needs and their experience of, including exclusion from, the formal housing process, and to further open such
findings to a wider discussion. It also fostered her theoretical interest in how people perceive, value and co-construct
social and physical space. At this point, and in Namibia, few researchers explored this theme. One exception was Glen
Mills (1984), whose masters thesis and later work analysed the spatial and social dynamics of indigenous architecture
in northern Namibia and who argued against conflating style with ethnicity. After her MPhil studies, and during the
first years of her part time PhD studies, Muller was employed at the NBIC, later the NHE.

The onset of Independence in 1990 ushered in a new era for urban research in Namibia. The establishment of the
Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) at the University of Namibia, which was later
incorporated into the Multidisciplinary Research Centres (MRC) Social Sciences Division (SDD), produced several
working papers, reports, and publications during the 1990s, both by international and local researchers. Other
organisations, such as the Namibia Economic and Policy Research Unit (NEPRU), a non-governmental organisation
(NGO) established after 1990s and which closed in 2011, also delivered socio-spatial-related outputs and working
papers covering a range of themes, including housing, urbanisation, migration, and urban land. Despite the changing
institutional landscape, research on urban development and urbanisation in Namibia remained limited and primarily
conducted by international researchers.

David Simons research stretched until the early 2000s, after which he occasionally worked in Namibia, with his most
recent work done in 2008. During this time, debates centered on how to end the previously apartheid-imposed
restrictions and control and what modernising and desegregating Windhoek would look like and mean in practice.
Simons work continued to explore the larger geopolitics of urban change in Namibia (Simon 1991a, 1991b, Sidaway
and Simon 1993, Simon 1993b), including from the perspective of Windhoek (Simon 1995a), state intervention in land
and housing markets (1993c), the restructuring of the local state and processes of decentralisation (Simon 1996g,
1996c, 1999), the integration of Walvis Bay into the Namibian territory (Simon 1993a, 1996d, 1996a, 1998, Simon and
Ekobo 2008) and urbanisation and industrialisation (Simon 1996f). His work also examined the role of smaller urban
centres in national and urban development (Simon 1995b, 1996e).

Apart from his academic research, Simon was an expert advisor to the first Delimitation Commission, responsible for
researching and establishing historical and administrative boundaries in Namibia. Later he received research grants to
evaluate Namibias regional councils and decentralisation process and to write short summary reports for policy
makers on different urban development issues, including the land and housing rights of migrants moving into
Windhoek (Simon 1995c, 1996b). Simon remembered how, at some point, several shacks and mud huts constructed
at the outskirts of Katutura became a strong bone of contention. Whereas he saw this as ways of accommodating
people, the consensus was that this was the rural infesting the town, as not modern enough for the dominant visions
of urban growth and development. Simon reflected that for some leaders, their perceptions and values were shaped
by their lived experiences in the refugee camps where informality was something which was diseased and a sign of
repression. These past experiences shifted the support towards more formal and modernist ideologies of urban
planning. At the same time, like in many post-colonial contexts, the new political and economic elites took on the roles
of the former colonial elite and entrenched processes of discrimination towards the urban poor, enforcing state

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

regulation and formalisation, based not necessarily on evidence, but on inherited power relations and modes of
governance.

Mullers work in turn, like that of Simon, focused on shifting these power relations. Her passion for working with the
community led her to pursue a PhD, focusing on the role of community and grassroots mobilisation in securing and
facilitating access to housing, and shared knowledge in the formal housing process and in socio-spatial development
(Muller 1995). During this time and as noted above, the urban planning and design sciences were still characterised
by the impetus to segregate, separate, formalise and modernise. Moreover, the prevalent social models were based
on Western ideas of the nuclear family. These paradigms and models conflicted with Namibias social and urban
realities. Mullers research thus begged the question: For whom are we planning and designing? Her research, like
that of Simons, was thus directly addressing and in conversation with the urban planners and policymakers, and with
the state.

Mullers PhD was based on her experience of the establishment of the Saamstaan housing cooperative in Windhoek,
which later evolved into the Namibia Housing Action Group (NHAG). NHAG was established as a trust in 1999 to
support the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN). During the last decades SDFN has become a major
grassroots movement in decentralising the housing process and institutionalising radically participatory planning and
development approaches. The mid-1990s thus signaled a shift towards acknowledging that the community affected
can and should contribute to the urban knowledge production process and as self-determining agents. Working
primarily with NHAG, Muller over the years produced several publications on housing and urban land and together
with other key researchers such as Diana Mitlin (Gold et al. 2001, Mitlin and Muller 2004, Muller and Mitlin 2007,
Muller and Mbanga 2012, Delgado et al. 2020).

Like Simon and Muller, Pendletons research also stretched into the 1990s and he remained active in Namibia until
2016. He was based at UNAMs NISER and MRC (SSD) centres and conducted surveys on the living conditions in
Windhoek (1990) and Katutura (Pendleton 1991) and socio-economic assessments of the northern urban areas
(Pendleton et al. 1992, Hamata et al. 1996). He also published follow-up research on the changing conditions of
everyday life and social relations in Katutura, including a reflection on his fieldwork experiences here (Pendleton 1994,
Hamata et al. 1996, Pendleton 1996, 1997, 2002). During this time the Namibian Migration Project was launched, with
Pendleton working together with another key researcher, Bruce Frayne, on understanding rural-urban linkages and
changing patterns of migration (Pendleton et al. 1998, Frayne and Pendleton 2002). This project shaped Pendletons
future research, which primarily addressed migration and in relation to population dynamics (Pendleton and Frayne
2000), the macro and micro variables of mobility (Frayne and Pendleton 2001), urban governance (Pendleton 2008),
and food security (Pendleton et al. 2014, Pendleton and Nickanor 2016). In 2001 he also co-authored a paper with
Frayne and Akiser Pomuti on the dynamics of urban development and community participation in Oshakati (Frayne et
al. 2001).

His later work on migration was conducted in the context of the Southern Africa Migration Project (SAMP,
https://samponline.org/), an international research network founded in 1996 to promote awareness of migration-
development linkages in the region, the African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN, https://www.afsun.org/), a
research network founded in 2008, and the Hungry Cities Partnership (HCP, https://hungrycities.net/ ), an
international network of city-based partner organisations which focus on the relationships between rapid
urbanisation, informality, inclusive growth and urban food systems in the Global South and primarily funded by
Canadian institutions. In the last-mentioned projects, Pendleton collaborated not only with Frayne, but also with
contemporary Namibian scholars at UNAM, Nickanor Ndeyapo and Lawrence Kazembe, both of who research urban
food systems and insecurity, and urbanisation (Indongo et al. 2013, Nickanor 2014, Kazembe et al. 2019, Nickanor et
al. 2019).

As noted above, Bruce Frayne (urban planner and geographer) also worked with NISER and MRC at UNAM during the
early 1990s soon after he completed his masters degree in South Africa. He published extensively on housing and the
informal economy, urbanisation, development and planning, and with a focus specifically on Windhoek and Katutura,

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and to some degree on the northern urban settlements (Frayne 1991, Fröhlich and Frayne 1991, Frayne 1992, Frayne
et al. 1994, Frayne and University of Namibia. 1996, Frayne 1997, 1998, 2000). In 2001 he completed his PhD with
Queens University in Canada, based on his research in Namibia. His PhD research shifted from an emphasis on urban
systems of acquisition and production and agriculture to examining the linkages and food chains between rural and
urban areas and their embeddedness in systems of migrancy. Moreover, he argued against understanding systems
migrancy as a unilinear process between rural and urban areas. Later research further pursued this thematic area,
specifically in relation to urban poverty and survival strategies and in affiliation with the International Development
Research Centre (IDRC) in Canada, the Southern African Migration Project, and the Hungry Cities Partnership (Frayne
2001, 2004, 2005b, 2005a, 2007).

As noted above, during this time urban research branched out to Namibias northern urban areas and secondary towns
and had a strong focus on urban poverty and migration. Inge Tvedten, a Norwegian social anthropologist, and applied
researcher was another key figure at the MRCs Social Sciences Division. Based at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in
Norway, he facilitated a research corporation between MRC, NEPRU and the CMI between 1998-2003. During the early
1990s he worked as an advisor on the Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project (Tvedten and Hangula 1993,
Tvedten 1994, Tvedten and Pomuti 1994, Tostensen et al. 2001) a project which involved local scholars such as
Lazarus Hangula and Akiser Pomuti. His later work analysed urban policies and urbanisation (Tvedten and Mupotola
1995, Pomuti and Tvedten 1998) and like Frayne and Pendleton, examined the importance of social relations,
networks, capital, and rural-urban relations and migration in navigating urban poverty and livelihoods (Tvedten and
Nangula 1999, Tvedten 2004). He went on to complete his PhD with the University of Cape Town in these thematic
areas and based on his field research in Oshakatis informal settlements (Tvedten 2008, 2011).

There were also some non-English works published on urban Namibia during this time, specifically in French and in
German. Elisabeth Peyroux (social anthropologist and urban geographer) and Olivier Graefe (geographer), both
completed their PhD research in Namibia during the late 1990s and authored several publications, including
collaborating on some of them (Peyroux and Graefe 1995). Peyrouxs PhD (Peyroux 2000) addressed housing policies
and residential practices in Windhoek and in a context of post-apartheid socio-spatial transformations. Her
publications included a geographic focus both on Windhoek and Oshakati and themes such as urban growth and
housing, socio-spatial change and regulation, decentralisation, and securitisation (Peyroux 1999, 2000, Graefe and
Peyroux 2001, Peyroux 2001, 2004, 2006, Bénit-Gbaffou et al. 2009, Morange et al. 2012).

Olivier Graefes PhD (Graefe 1999), which was also completed in France, explored the socio-spatial production of urban
territories in relation to local governments, power structures and land management in the urban centres of Oshakati,
Ongwediva, Ondangwa and Rundu. His earlier publications similarly focused on the northern urban centres, especially
Rundu (Graefe et al. 1994), informal settlements at Windhoeks periphery (1995), and later on decentralisation, state
regulation, and land management in post-apartheid urban Namibia (Graefe et al. 1994, Graefe 1997, Diener and
Graefe 1999, Dubresson and Graefe 1999, 2001, Graefe 2003).

In 2004, Fatima Müller-Friedman (geographer and architect) followed with a PhD on urban Namibia from the
University of Cambridge, but with a focus on Opuwo, in north-western Namibia. Her reason for pursuing this research
was rooted in her prior research and work experience. Before becoming a geographer, she worked as a professional
architect in Germany, Namibia (1995-1996 Kerry McNamara Architects, Windhoek) and in the United States. She came
to Namibia with the idea to practice socially impactful architecture and with an interest in the desegregation and
decolonisation of urban space. During this time, her interest grew in finding Namibian ways of planning and visioning
urban growth. This led her to complete her masters thesis on the urban morphology of Windhoek (2000).

For her PhD research she shifted to a more marginal urban space in the hope to engage with the ways in which the
Opuwo residents perceive, value and co-construct the modern built environment. She found that the dominant urban
growth desired was once again modernist, concluding that such claims need to be taken seriously as the basis of
imagined urban futures and should be situated in a larger context of marginality, exclusion and post-apartheid
possibilities (Müller-Friedman 2004, 2005, 2007). Later research similarly dealt with the politics of post-apartheid

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socio-spatial transformations and the relational and dialectical dynamic between the real and imagined, and the
practiced and planned urban space (Müller-Friedman 2006, Müller-Friedman 2008).

EMERGING TRENDS

Since the mid-2000s, several developments have strengthened the urban research and development agenda in and
for Namibia. These developments are driven by a new generation of Namibian-based and/or Namibian urban scholars
and practitioners, such as (but not limited to) Stephanie Roland, Phillip Lühl, Guillermo Delgado, Ellison Tjirera and
Nashilongweshipwe Mushaandja; by grass-roots urban development and housing organisations such as the
NHAG/SDFN and Development Workshop Namibia; by social movements such that of the Decolonising Space Group
(DSG); and by a changing institutional landscape.

The Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI) at NUST was established in 2006. Originally conceived as an
extension of the Department of Land Management, it soon fostered a productive space for several applied research
projects, including on urban Namibia. Since 2015, activities at ILMI are guided by the Land, Livelihoods and Housing
programme, with a strong focus on coordinating and promoting a transdisciplinary research, outreach, and education
programme and with a dedicated urban agenda. ILMI has also partnered with UNAM and with various international
and regional universities and research projects. These include for instance the recently launched project PURE (Peri-
urban Resilient Ecosystems Project), which studies Namibias urban social ecologies, with a focus on dryland nature-
based solutions for informal settlement upgrading a largely under researched theme. Namibias first undergraduate
architecture and urban planning programme and Department of Architecture and Spatial Planning were also
established at NUST in 2010 (see Lühl 2016).

These developments in turn have been and continue to be shaped by the shifting scope of the urban question in
Namibia. As Anna Muller points out, where there were 5 shacks in Windhoek in the 1980s, now there are 60 000. For
the people living in informal structures and settlements, state bureaucracy and formalised processes in housing and
land-rights and in economies are a major challenge and barrier, and further serve to marginalise the urban poor and
deepen existing inequalities, including inequalities in terms of who dictates the nature of urban growth and
development. The question of participatory informal settlement upgrading, growth and planning (ILMI Staff 2017,
Weber and Mendelsohn 2017, Delgado and Geingos 2019, Delgado et al. 2020), informality, urban land (Becker 2016,
Lühl and Delgado 2018, Larsen and Augustus 2020, Metsola 2021), and socio-spatial and urban knowledge co-
production between residents, planners, government, academics, and other practitioners have thus emerged as
crucial thematic areas for urban research during the last decade (Muller and Mbanga 2012, Harris 2016, Chitekwe-Biti
2018, Delgado et al. 2020).

These trends in urban research must also be situated in relation to the growing praxis of socio-spatial decolonialisation
and what Guillermo Delgado, borrowing from Mushaandja, has referred to as the primarily youth-driven struggle
fuelled by dissatisfaction with a condition of delayed decoloniality. This movement and praxis has grown from
realisations that the apartheid planning ideologies are resilient and still informing contemporary visions, including the
dominant discourse of formal vs informal (Lühl 2020), and that lived urban spaces are deeply imbued with the colonial
and apartheid pasts and are differentially known, felt, and embodied across situated social and economic intersections
(Tjirera 2019, Roland 2021). Thus, grassroots social movements and various activists, artists, and scholars have been
grappling with decolonising Namibias urban spaces and trajectories of development both from a socio-spatial,
political, epistemological, praxis-orientated, and performance-based perspectives (see for instance, Lühl 2016,
Mushaandja 2020, Delgado 2021, Figueira 2021, Mushaandja 2021a, 2021b). This is being done in ways that
deconstruct Eurocentric disciplinary silos and boundaries and asymmetrical power relations within the urban planning
and development arena, also drawing on feminist, decolonial and queer scholarship.

Moreover, these debates are motivated by a shared commitment to social and spatial justice and scholarship rooted
in praxis. For example, Delgado detailed how when he first began conducting research in Namibia after his arrival in
2010, he encountered a sense of exhaustion regarding more research about living conditions. The urgency and

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

immediacy of peoples lived realities thus call for radically different research methodologies, including the fostering of
alliances. Apart from various applied research projects primarily by Namibian-based scholars, practitioners, and
students, ILMI has co-facilitated the establishment of key public platforms towards democratising urban knowledge
production and development. The National Alliance for Informal Settlement Upgrading was established as a
partnership to scale up security of tenure and housing opportunities through co-production between organised
communities, local and regional authorities, central government, and universities; with the aim of taking efforts
nation-wide (http://ilmi.nust.na/national-alliance). While the Urban Forum is an initiative started in 2015 and which
eventually grew into a permanent platform for fostering dialogue and multistakeholder engagement on issues of
urbanisation and for creating an archive of the process (http://urbanforum.nust.na). The 2018 Namibian Land
Conference also signalled a major turning point, with urban and urban development incorporated into the national
agenda and conversation. 2021 furthermore saw the inauguration of the Namibian Journal of Social Justice
(https://namsocialjustice.org/), with the first edition critically examining the Namibian Housing Crisis.

Despite these positive trends and developments, research on urban Namibia is still majorly underfunded and nascent
with local academic research limited to masters thesis research projects and a small number of local and
international scholars. During the workshop research gaps were pointed out. Windhoek has emerged as the main
geographic focus in Namibian urban studies, followed by that of the northern urban centres, such as
Oshakati/Ondangwa and Rundu, and the harbour town of Walvis Bay. A wider and more diverse geographic,
geopolitical, and political economic perspective is lacking. Theorising the urban question in relation to the planetary
processes of urbanisation which are re-figuring Namibia is pertinent, especially given the ongoing parcelling up of the
lands and the ocean by the state for mining exploration licences and transnational extractive industries, and their
colonial and imperial historical trajectories. Other noted gaps include research on urban lifeworlds and citizenry, public
and popular culture, sociality, social belonging and identities, mobility, the night and street life, and the politics of
imagination, performance, and possibility (the multiple elsewheres from which we draw in fashioning urbanity). In
addition, and as mentioned in the introduction, there is a need to better understand the structural and socio-economic
inequalities and exclusions generated and reified by urban growth, including access to and ownership of peri-urban
and urban land, housing, services, and livelihoods. Urban and peri-urban ecologies and agriculture is also still vastly
under researched.

Moreover, research on Namibias colonial and apartheid urban histories, especially beyond Windhoek and Katutura,
remains limited. Werner Hillebrecht, a Namibian archivist who also participated in the workshop, observed that there
are several gaps and opportunities, including looking at the connections between urban and rural apartheid. For
example, a decade-long exchange of correspondence between the SWA Administration and Windhoek Municipality
on the Aukeigas Reserve are held at the National Archives. The Municipality wanted to remove the reserve because of
the close connections between the residents of the Old Location and Aukeigas, which they deemed detrimental. In
the mid-1950s, the residents of Aukeigas were indeed resettled into areas that later became Damaraland homeland
in west Namibia. Unexamined old records of the City of Windhoek planning division, and the commission hearings
which followed the Old Location massacre in December 1959, also point to several untold urban social, political, and
public histories (Hillebrecht 2021, personal communication).

Nevertheless, as Nashilongweshipwe Mushaandja reminds us, archives are also lived and embodied, and embedded
in places, performance, and practice. Hence, urban pasts and knowledge are also to be found and are constantly
created in the everyday, in the arts, in solidarity and protest movements, and lived and shared experiences.

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Simon, D., 1988b. Urban Squatting, Low Income Housing and Politics in Namibia on the Eve of Independence. In: R.A.
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Simon, D., 1989a. Colonial cities, postcolonial Africa and the world economy: a reinterpretation. International
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Simon, D., 1989b. Crisis and Change in South Africa: Implications for the Apartheid City. Transactions of the Institute
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Simon, D., 1989c. Rural-urban interaction and development in southern Africa: the implications of reduced labour
migration. In: R.B. Potter and T. Unwin, eds. The geography of urban-rural interaction in developing countries.
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Simon, D., 1989d. South African Cities in the 1980s: the political economy of urban change. African Urban Studies, 21
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Simon, D., 1991a. Namibia in Southern Africa: the Regional Implications of Independence [online].
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Simon, D., 1991b. Windhoek: Desegregation and Change in the Capital of South Africa's erstwhile colony. In: A.
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Simon, D., 1993a. Namibia Regains Walvis Bay at Last. Review of African Political Economy [online], 59, 127129.
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Simon, D., 1993b. Namibia's new geopolitics: lessons for South Africa. Indicator SA [online], 10 (3), 7376.
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Simon, D., 1993c. State intervention in Africa's urban land and housing markets. In: J. Dahl, D.W. Drakakis-Smith, and
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Simon, D., 1995a. City Profile: Windhoek. Cities, 12 (3), 139147.
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Simon, D., 1995c. Non-racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia: an Evaluation of the First Two Years;
Summary Report. to Namibian Local authorities and the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing.
Windhoek.

Simon, D., 1996a. Desert enclave to regional gateway?: the reintegration of Walvis Bay in Namibia. CEDAR Research
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Simon, D., 1996b. Regional Restructuring and the State in Independent Namibia: An Evaluation of the Regional
Councils, 1993-5. Report to Namibian Regional Councils and the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and
Housing. Windhoek.

Simon, D., 1996c. Restructuring the local state in post-apartheid cities: Namibian experience and lessons for South
Africa. African Affairs [online], 95 (378), 5184. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/723725.

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Simon, D., 1996d. Strategic Territory and Territorial Strategy: The Geopolitics of Walvis Bays Reintegration into
Namibia. Political Geography [online], 15 (2), 193219. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-
6298(95)00089-5.

Simon, D., 1996e. The Role of Small Urban Centres: Comment on Pedersen and Fekade. Regional Development
Dialogue, 16 (2), 9799.

Simon, D., 1996f. Urbanization and Industrialization: What Future for Sub-Saharan Africa? In: G. Benneh, W.B.E.
Morgen, and J.I. Uitto, eds. Sustaining the future: Economic, social and environmental change in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

Simon, D., 1996g. Whats in a Map? Regional Restructuring and the State in Independent Namibia. Regional
Development Dialogue [online], 17 (2), 131.
Available at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/what_is_in_a_map_regional_restructuring.pdf.

Simon, D., 1998. South Africa in Southern Africa: Reconfiguring the Region. Oxford: Ohio University Press.
Simon, D., 1999. The postcolonial state, decentralisation and local economic development in Namibia. In: K.

Wohlmuth, ed. African Development Perspectives Yearbook. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag, 479505.
Simon, D. and Ekobo, M.S., 2008. Walvis Bay-Swakopmund: Desert micro-region and aspiring regional gateway. In: F.

Söderbaum and I. Taylor, eds. Afro-Regions; the dynamics of cross-border micro-regionalism in Africa. Uppsala:
Nordic Africa Institute, 53-73.

Tjirera, E., 2019. Writing WindhoekMultiple representations of the city. PhD Thesis [online], University of the
Witwatersrand. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/10539/31591.

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Tvedten, I., 1994. The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project: the informal economy and income

generation. SSD Discussion Paper, 4. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development
Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

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Tvedten, I., 2011. "As long as they don't bury me here": Social relations of poverty in a Namibian shantytown. Basel:
Basler Afrika Bibliographien.

Tvedten, I. and Hangula, L., 1993. The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project: a preliminary socio-
economic assessment. SSD discussion paper, no. 1. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research &
Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Tvedten, I. and Mupotola, M., 1995. Urbanisation and urban policies in Namibia. Working Paper, No 47 [online].
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& Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

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their-nature-and-growth-DWN-2017.pdf.

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Table of Contents

1. PRE-INDEPENDENCE PUBLICATIONS (1950-1990)............................................................................... 1

1.1. Colonial/Apartheid Government/Parastatal Reports................................................................................................. 1
National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa (NBIC) Reports and Papers ...................................... 1

Annual Reviews ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Presentations and papers ................................................................................................................................................ 1
Research reports .............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Odendaal Report and other .................................................................................................................................................. 2
South West Africa (SWA) Ethnological Publications ............................................................................................................. 3

1.2. International organisational and institutional reports and research publications ...................................................... 3
Informationstelle Südliches Afrika (ISSA), Bonn ................................................................................................................... 3
International Institute of Social Studies, the Hague ............................................................................................................. 4
Nordic Africa Institute (previously the Scandinavian Institute for African Studies), Uppsala .............................................. 4
Oxfam ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
The Urban Foundation .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
United Nations (UN) agencies .............................................................................................................................................. 4

United Nations Institute Namibia, Lusaka ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.3. Namibia organisational and institutional reports and research publications ............................................................. 5
Bureau of Research, Academy .............................................................................................................................................. 5

1.4. Academic publications thematic, conference papers & theses .................................................................................. 5
Indigenous architecture........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Housing ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Miscellaneous towns and cities ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Urbanisation and planning under apartheid/colonialism .................................................................................................... 6

Decolonising and desegregating the urban ...................................................................................................................... 6
The colonial/apartheid city .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Windhoek and Katutura ................................................................................................................................................... 6

Urban political economy ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Migrant labour and rural-urban linkages ......................................................................................................................... 7
Walvis Bay dispute ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

Conference papers and presentations ................................................................................................................................. 8
Theses ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

North America .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Southern Africa ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
UK and Europe ................................................................................................................................................................. 8

2. POST-INDEPENDENCE PUBLICATIONS (1990-2021) ............................................................................ 9

2.1. Government / Parastatal Reports .............................................................................................................................. 9
Bank of Namibia ................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing and Rural Development (MRLGHRD) ........................................ 9
Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD)........................................................................................................... 10
Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) ......................................................................................................................................... 10
National Housing Enterprise (NHE) .................................................................................................................................... 11

Namibia secondary towns .............................................................................................................................................. 11

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Windhoek low-income housing programme .................................................................................................................. 11
Oshatotwa Housing Programme .................................................................................................................................... 12

National Land Conference (1991 & 2018) reports and papers ........................................................................................... 12

2.2. International organisational and institutional reports and research publications .................................................... 13
Basler Afrika Bibliographien, Basel ..................................................................................................................................... 13

BAB Working Papers ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Books .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

Centre for Research, Information, Action for Development in Africa ................................................................................ 14
CHR Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway ............................................................................................................................. 14
Informationstelle Südliches Afrika (ISSA), Bonn ................................................................................................................. 14
International Development Research Centre (IDRC) .......................................................................................................... 14
Nordic Africa Institute (NAI), Uppsala ................................................................................................................................ 15
RUAF Foundation ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa................................................................................................. 15
United Nations (UN) Agencies ............................................................................................................................................ 15

UN Habitat reports ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
World Bank ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.3. Namibia organisational and institutional reports and research publications ........................................................... 16
Deutsche Gesellschschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ Namibia) .................................................................. 16
Development Workshop Namibia (DW) ............................................................................................................................. 16

Media monitoring on urban development (2017-2019) ................................................................................................ 17
Economic Association of Namibia (EAN) ............................................................................................................................ 17
Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) .......................................................................................................................... 17
Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI), Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) ........................... 17

Fact Sheets ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Working Papers: Land, Livelihoods and Housing ........................................................................................................... 17
Workshops, reports, and commentary .......................................................................................................................... 18

Labour Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI) ................................................................................................................ 19
Publications .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Short papers ................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Namibia Development Corporation ................................................................................................................................... 20
Namibian Economic and Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) ..................................................................................................... 20

Working papers and reports .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Namibia Housing Action Group (NHAG)/Shack Dwellers Federation Namibia (SDFN)....................................................... 21
Namibia Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER)/ Multidisciplinary Research Centre (Social Sciences Division (SSD),
University of Namibia (UNAM) ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Namibia Migration Project ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Namibian secondary towns ............................................................................................................................................ 22
The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project ................................................................................................ 22
Urban policy and planning ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Windhoek & Katutura .................................................................................................................................................... 23

The Legal Assistance Centre (LAC) of Namibia ................................................................................................................... 23
The National Youth Council of Namibia.............................................................................................................................. 24
The University Centre for Studies in Namibia (TUCSIN) ..................................................................................................... 24
The Urban Trust of Namibia ............................................................................................................................................... 24
Urban Dynamics Africa (Company) ..................................................................................................................................... 24

Socio-economic research reports and household surveys ............................................................................................. 24

2.4. Academic publications thematic, conference papers & theses ................................................................................ 24
Changing paradigms and practices in urban planning ........................................................................................................ 24

Decentralisation and regulation ..................................................................................................................................... 26

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Participatory planning and claim making ....................................................................................................................... 26
Urbanisation and development ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Urban co-production ...................................................................................................................................................... 27

Housing and urbanisation ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN) and urban co-production ..................................................................... 28

Indigenous architecture...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Informal settlements and informality ................................................................................................................................ 29
Migration and rural-urban linkages .................................................................................................................................... 29
Post-apartheid socio-spatial transformation ...................................................................................................................... 30

Windhoek and Katutura ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Public culture and heritage................................................................................................................................................. 31

Memory politics and memorialisation ........................................................................................................................... 31
Performing the urban ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
Urban social movements................................................................................................................................................ 32

Urbanity and social relations .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Urban colonial history ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
Urban ecologies .................................................................................................................................................................. 34

Urban green spaces ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Urban sustainability ....................................................................................................................................................... 34

Urban food systems ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
Informality and food security ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Urban agriculture ........................................................................................................................................................... 36

Urban infrastructure and services ...................................................................................................................................... 36
Urban land and tenure ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Urban mobility .................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Urban political economy .................................................................................................................................................... 38

Boom and border towns ................................................................................................................................................ 39
Walvis Bay ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39

Urban tourism .................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Conference papers and presentations ............................................................................................................................... 40
Theses ................................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Australia ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Northern America and Canada ....................................................................................................................................... 41

PhD Theses ................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Master Theses ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Worcester Polytechnic Institute ................................................................................................................................ 41

Southern Africa .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
PhD Theses ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Master Theses ............................................................................................................................................................ 42

UK and Europe ............................................................................................................................................................... 45
PhD Theses ................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Master Theses ............................................................................................................................................................ 45

3. TOWN HISTORIES AND PROFILES ...................................................................................................... 46

3.1. Overview of sources ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Gobabis ............................................................................................................................................................................... 46

Gobabis old location....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Grootfontein ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Lüderitz ............................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Okahandja........................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Oranjemund and Sperrgebiet ............................................................................................................................................. 46
Outjo ................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Rehoboth ............................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Swakopmund ...................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Tsumeb ............................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Walvis Bay........................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Windhoek ........................................................................................................................................................................... 48

Katutura and the old location ........................................................................................................................................ 49
Katutura Compound ....................................................................................................................................................... 49

3.2. Archival miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Deutsches Kolonialblatt ................................................................................................................................................. 49
SWA Jaarboek/SWA Annual ........................................................................................................................................... 49

4. LEGISLATION AND POLICIES .............................................................................................................. 50

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

1. Pre-independence publications (1950-1990)

1.1. Colonial/Apartheid Government/Parastatal Reports

National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa (NBIC) Reports
and Papers

Annual Reviews
NBIC, 1985. Annual Review. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa, Ltd.

Presentations and papers
Du Plessis, P.J., 1985. Behuising in Katutura en Khomasdal: Referaat gelewer tydens 'n byeenkoms van die Vereniging

van Sake-en Beroepsvroue. [Housing in Katutura and Khomasdal:Lecture delivered during a meeting of the
Association of Business and Career Women]. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South
West Africa, Ltd.

Godö, R., 1983. An Approach to Infrastructure Services for Low-Income Housing. Paper presented to the South West
African Association of Consulting Engineers. Windhoek.

Keramin, J., 1990. Site and Service Housing for the Very Poor - An example. Paper read at the Namibia National
Housing Seminar. Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1982. The Role of Housing in Socio-Economic Development. Paper read at the Conference on Socio-
Economic Development. Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1983. An Approach to Infrastructure Services for Low-Income Housing. Paper read at a Symposium
on the Role of Housing and Urbanisation in Developing Areas, University of the North. Pietersburg.

Merrington, G.J., 1983. Approaches to Solutions for the Low-Income Housing Problem. Paper read at a Seminar on
the Involvement and Possible Assistance of the Private Sector in Low-Income Housing Development. Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1983. Needs, Costs and Standards in Low-Income Housing. Paper presented in the South West
Africa Association of Consulting Engineers. Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1985. Low Income Housing Research: The Road Ahead. Paper presented to the Housing Research
Steering Committee - National Building Research Institute. Pretoria.

Merrington, G.J., 1986. Some Aspects of Urbanisation and its Management in South West Africa. Paper read at a
Seminar arranged by the Development Bank of Southern Africa to discuss the Development Fund of South West
Africa/Namibia. Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1987. Policies and Standards for the Provision of Housing for the Low-Income Population. Paper
presented to the South West Africa Branch of the South African Institute of Civil Engineers. Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1987. Some Social, Political and Economic Considerations in Development with Special Reference to
Low-Income Housing. Paper prepared for internal use by the National Building and Investment Corporation.
Windhoek.

Merrington, G.J., 1988. Financing Housing and Infrastructure with Special Reference to the Low-Income Group. Paper
read at a Conference on Innovations and Future Trends in the Financing of Housing UNISA School of Business
Leadership, Development Bank of Southern Africa and SA Housing Trust. Pretoria.

Merrington, G.J., 1989. Independence and its Effect on Housing in Namibia. Paper read at a Conference on Housing
Scenarios for the 1990's - National Association of Home Builders of South Africa. Pretoria.

Merrington, G.J., 1990. Namibia: New Directions National Housing Policy and its Institutional Requirements. Paper
read at the Namibia National Housing Seminar. Windhoek.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Merrington, G.J., 1990. Namibian Independence and its Effect on Housing Policy. Paper presented to the Institute for
Housing of Southern Africa Workshop: Housing in the New South Africa. Bloemfontein.

Rudd, W.T., 1983. The Magnitude of the SWA/Namibia Low-Income Housing Problem. Paper read at a s Seminar on
the Involvement and possible Assistance of the Private Sector in Low-Income Housing Development. Windhoek.

Rudd, W.T., 1984. Appropriate Residential Township Layouts in the Context of Africa. Paper read at a Conference on
Guidelines for Standards and Appropriate Technology for the Provision of Services to Communities in South West
Africa. Windhoek.

Rudd, W.T., 1990. A Comparative Evaluation of the Low-Income Housing Policies of Countries in the Southern African
Region. Paper read at the Namibia National Housing Seminar. Windhoek.

Research reports
Cobett, M.J., 1984. A Socio-Economic Profile of Households in Orwetoveni and Blikkiesdorp Squatter Area,

Otjiwarongo. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa Ltd (NBIC).
Mawisa, M.L., 1986. Housing Survey for Andreville, Maltahohe. Windhoek: National Building and Investment

Corporation of South West Africa Ltd (NBIC).
Mawisa M.L., 1986. Aus Housing Survey Report. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South

West Africa, Ltd.
Minaar, K., 1984. 'n Anthropologiese ondersoek met betrekking tot die plakkersprobleem in Orwetoveni. [an

Anthropological investigation concerning the squatters problem in Orwetoveni]. Windhoek: National Building
and Investment Corporation of South West Africa Ltd (NBIC).

Muller, A.M., 1990. Post Occupancy Evaluation Report 1990. Department of Socio-Economic Research and Project
Identification. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa Ltd (NBIC).

Muller, A.M., 1991. Experimental Project: 20 Started Shelters Okahandja. Interim Evaluation, March 1991.
Department of Socio-Economic Research and Project Identification. Windhoek: National Building and Investment
Corporation of South West Africa Ltd (NBIC).

NBIC, 1984. Proposed project to construct 54 low-income houses in Khomasdal extension 5: Windhoek. Windhoek:
National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa, Ltd.

NBIC and Department of Governmental Affairs, 1987. Cabinet Committee on Housing: Report for consideration by the
Cabinet, August 1987. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation, and Department of
Governmental affairs.

NBIC, Department of socio-economic research and project identification, 1990. Research Report 1989/1990.
Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa, Ltd.

Page, N., 1986. Okahandja: Behuisingverslag: Die inwoners van die munisipale huurhuise in Nau-Aib en die
plakkersdorp.[Okahandja: Housing Report: The residents of the municipal rented houses in Nau-Aib and the
squatters town]. Windhoek: National Building and Investment Corporation of South West Africa Ltd (NBIC).

Slayen, M., Bregman, M., and Nourse, H., 1982. Katutura Housing Report 1981/82. Kerry McNamara Architects.
Windhoek.

Webb, T.L., 1988. Some principles underlying the financing and provision of viable low-income housing. Keynote.
Windhoek.

Odendaal Report and other
Lawrie, G., 1964. New Light on South West Africa: Some extracts from and comments on the Odendaal Report

[online]. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press (WUP). Available
at: http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/A1132/A1132-C157-001-jpeg.pdf

Odendaal, F.H., 1964. Verslag van die Kommissie van ondersoek na aangeleenthede van Suidwes-Afrika 1962-1963.
[Report of the Commission of Enquiry into South West Africa Affairs 1962-1963]. Pretoria: Republic of South
Africa, Government Printer.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

South West Africa Administration, 1980. Verslag van die Kommissie insake Munisipale Wetgewing. [Report of the
Commission in regard to Municipal Legislation]. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa.

South West Africa (SWA) Ethnological Publications
Köhler, O., 1959. A Study of Grootfontein District (South West Africa) [online]. Pretoria, Department of Bantu

Administration and Development, Union of South Africa. Available
at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/330

Köhler, O., 1959. A Study of Omaruru District (South West Africa) [online]. Pretoria, Department of Bantu
Administration and Development, Union of South Africa. Available
at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/326

Köhler, O., 1959. A Study of Otjiwarongo District (South West Africa) [online]. Pretoria, Department of Bantu
Administration and Development, Union of South Africa. Available
at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/329

van Warmelo, N.J., 1951. Notes on the Kaokoveld (South West Africa) and its People [online]. Pretoria, Department
of Native Affairs, Union of South Africa. Available at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/324

Wagner, G., 1950. Ethnographic Survey of the Windhoek District Ethnographic Publications. Pretoria: Department of
Native Affairs, Union of South Africa.

Wagner, Günther (with O. Köhler), 1957. A Study of Okahandja District (South West Africa) [online]. Pretoria,
Department of Native Affairs, Union of South Africa. Available
at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/328

Wagner, Günther (with O. Köhler), 1959. A Study of Gobabis District (South West Africa) [online]. Pretoria,
Department of Bantu Administration and Development, Union of South Africa. Available
at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/327

Wagner, Günther (with O. Köhler), 1959. A Study of Karibib District (South West Africa) [online]. Pretoria,
Department of Native Affairs, Union of South Africa. Available
at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/325

1.2. International organisational and institutional reports and
research publications

Informationstelle Südliches Afrika (ISSA), Bonn
Eixab, S., 1981. Katutura: Freitags wie im Fieber Über den Alltag im Ghetto. [Katutura: Fridays' Fever - on everyday

life in the Ghetto]. In: H. Melber, ed. Kolonialismus und Widerstand. [Colonialism and Resistance]. Bonn:
Informationsstelle Südliches Afrika, 88108.

Eixab, S., 1988. Mein ganzes Elend. [All my misery]. In: H. Melber, ed. Katutura Alltag im Ghetto: Diaries, reports
and voices from a Namibian township. Bonn: Informationsstelle Südliches Afrika, 71101.

Melber, H., ed., 1981. Kolonialismus und Widerstand. [Colonialism and Resistance]. Bonn: Informationsstelle
Südliches Afrika.

Melber, H., ed., 1988. Katutura Alltag im Ghetto: Diaries, reports and voices from a Namibian township. Bonn:
Informationsstelle Südliches Afrika.

Ripken, P. and Wellmer, G., 1976. Wanderarbeit im Südlichen Afrika: Ein Reader. [A reader on the social and
economic effects of migrant work]. Bonn: Informationsstelle Südliches Afrika e.V.

Vesper, M., 1983. Überleben in Namibia: "Homelands" u. kapitalist. Weltsystem. [Survival in Namibia: Function and
role of "homelands" in the capitalist world system]. Bonn: Informationsstelle Südliches Afrika.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

International Institute of Social Studies, the Hague
Iipinge, E.M.; SWAPO of Namibia, 1989. The impact of gender beliefs in housing and human settlements: women

experiences, policy issues, problems, lessons and strategies for post independent Namibia. The Hague,
Netherlands: International Institute of Social Studies.

Nordic Africa Institute (previously the Scandinavian Institute for African Studies),
Uppsala
Eriksen, T.L., 1982. Namibia: Kolonialisme, apartheid og frigjøringskamp i det sørlige Afrika. [Namibia: colonialism,

apartheid and liberation struggle in Southern Africa]. [online]. Uppsala, Sweden, Nordic Africa Institute. Available
at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/433

Eriksen, T.L., 1989 (first edition, 1985). The Political economy of Namibia: An annotated critical bibliography.
Norwegian Foreign Policy Studies, No. 69 [online]. Uppsala, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies in
cooperation with United Nations Institute for Namibia and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
Available at: http://nai.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:277694/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Green, R.H., 1981. From Südwestafrika to Namibia: The Political Economy of Transition [online]. Uppsala, The
Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/97518/58.pdf

Oxfam
Smith, S., 1986. Namibia: A Violation of Trust: An Oxfam Report on International Responsibility for Poverty in

Namibia. [online] Oxford: Express Litho Service. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10546/121161

The Urban Foundation
Bernstein, A. and McCarthy, J., eds., 1990. Opening the cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desegregation. An

Indicator SA Focus: The Urban Foundation; Indicator Project South Africa.
Cilliers, S.P., 1990. New Neighbours: the Namibian experience. In: A. Bernstein and J. McCarthy, eds. Opening the

cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desegregation. An Indicator SA Focus: The Urban Foundation; Indicator
Project South Africa, 2330. Available at:
https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/1863/CSDS-
opening%20the%20cities.pdf?sequence=1

The Urban Foundation, 1987. Annual Review 1987. South Africa: Leadership Magazine.
The Urban Foundation, 1993. Land ownership and conflicting claims: studies from Germany 1937-1991, and from

Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Namibia 1950-1991. Johannesburg: Development Strategy and Policy Unit, The Urban
Foundation.

United Nations (UN) agencies
United Nations Office of Public Information., 1978. Walvis Bay - an integral part of Namibia: United Nations.
UN Secretariat, Date created: 1963. Items In Africa - Question of Namibia - Security Council Resolutions - Security

Council Resolution 309 - maps of Namibia- economy, history, individual homelands. Maps (S-0902-0003:
Peacekeeping in Africa 1963-1981).

United Nations Institute Namibia, Lusaka
Hillebrecht, W., 1985. Namibian Bibliography and Documentation: A State of Art Review. Lusaka: United Nations

Institute for Namibia.
Simon, D., 1984. Cities and settlement planning: problems for independent Namibia. Paper presented at the

Conference on Research Priorities in Namibia held at the Commonwealth Studies Conference, London:1984 July
23-25. London: United Nations Institute for Namibia.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

United Nations, 1986. Perspectives for National Reconstruction and Development. Lusaka: United Nations Institute
for Namibia.

1.3. Namibia organisational and institutional reports and research
publications

Bureau of Research, Academy
Academy, U.o.N., ed., 1987. Referate gelewer by die seminaar oor Verstedeliking in Suidwes-Afrika Namibië op

Dinsdag 17 November 1987. [Papers read at the seminar on Urbanisation in South-West Africa Namibia on
Tuesday 17 November 1987]. Windhoek: Bureau of Research Academy.

Buro vir Navorsing, A., ed., 1989 or 1990. Ontwikkeling en verstedeliking: referate gelewer tydens 'n werksessie by
die Akademie. [Development and urbanisation: proceedings of a workshop held at the Academy]. Contributions
by several authors. Windhoek: Academy, Bureau of Research.

Graaf, J.V., 1989. Urbanisation and development in Namibia: qualitative systems perspective. In Development and
urbanisation: proceedings of a workshop held at the Academy Windhoek 1989.05.11-12, pp.1-37. Windhoek,
Namibia.

1.4. Academic publications thematic, conference papers & theses

Indigenous architecture
Mills, G., 1985. An inquiry into the structure and function of settlement space in Northern Namibia. Part 1:

Ovamboland, the place and the people. Architecture SA [online] (1/2), 3335. Available
at: http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/17917/

Mills, G., 1985. An inquiry into the structure and function of settlement space in Northern Namibia. Part 2: the forces
that shape settlement and architectural space. Architecture SA [online] (3/4), 4653. Available
at: http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/17929/

Mills, G., 1985. An inquiry into the structure and function of settlement space in Northern Namibia. Part 3: from
space to place: codes, diagrams and appropriate architecture. Architecture SA [online] (5/6), 5758. Available
at: http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/17928/

Housing
Muller, A.M., 1985. Housing in Namibia: Two Family Case Studies in Katutura. African Urban Studies (21), 7580.
Simon, D., 1988. Urban Squatting, Low Income Housing and Politics in Namibia on the Eve of Independence. In: R.A.

Obudho and Mhlanga, Constance, C., eds. Slum and Squatter Settlements in Africa: Towards a planning strategy.
New York: Praeger, 245260.

Miscellaneous towns and cities
Bähr, J., 1970. Windhoek Eine stadtgeographische Skizze. [Windhoek An urban geographic sketch]. Erdkunde

[online], 24 (1), 3959. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23218272
Claasen, P.E., 1982. Die toepassing van sentrale plekteorie op die keuse van dorpe in Owambo. [The application of

central place-theory on the choice of towns in Owambo]. Stads-en Streeksbeplanning [Town and Regional
Planning] [online] (14), 1013. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA1012280X_174.

Schumann, R. von, 1989. Hauptorte in Südwestafrika in ihrer historisch-geographischen Entwicklung. [Main places in
South West Africas historical-geographical development]. In: H. Lamping, ed. Namibia: augewählte Themen der
Exkursionen 1988. Frankfurt, Germany, 141180.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Urbanisation and planning under apartheid/colonialism
Pendleton, W.C., 1979. Urbanization and development in Namibia (South West Africa). In: R.A. Obudho and S. El-

Shaks, eds. Development of urban systems in Africa. The University of Michigan: Praeger, 293302.
Simon, D., 1982. Recent trends in Namibian urbanization. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, [Journal

of Economic and Social Geography] [online], 73 (4), 237249. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
9663.1982.tb00961.x

Simon, D., 1984. Urban Poverty, Informal Sector Activity and Inter-Sectoral Linkages: Evidence from Windhoek,
Namibia. Development and Change [online], 15, 551576. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
7660.1984.tb00196.x

Simon, D., 1985. Independence and Social Transformation: Urban Planning Problems and Priorities for Namibia. Third
World Planning Review [online], 7 (2), 99118. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-
journals/independence-social-transformation-urban-planning/docview/1308642548/se-2?accountid=10218

Simon, D., 1989. Transport and Development in Independent Namibia: noose or lifeline? Third World Planning
Review [online], 11 (1), 5-22. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/transport-
development-independent-namibia-noose/docview/1308640989/se-2?accountid=10218

Decolonising and desegregating the urban
Pickard-Cambridge, C. 1988. Sharing the cities: Residential Desegregation in Harare, Windhoek, and Mafikeng.

Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Rogerson, C.M., 1989. Managing the Decolonizing City in Southern Africa. South African Geographical Journal

[online], 71 (3), 201208. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1989.9713536
Simon, D., 1983. Contemporary Namibia: the political geography of decolonization [online]. Oxford, Oxford

University, School of Geography. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/618155
Simon, D., 1985. Contemporary Decolonization and Comparative Urban Research in Southern Africa. Comparative

Urban Research, 10 (2), 32-41.
Simon, D., 1985. Decolonisation and Local Government in Namibia: the Neo-Apartheid Plan, 197783. The Journal of

Modern African Studies [online], 23 (3), 507526. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00057207
Simon, D., 1986. Desegregation in Namibia: the demise of urban apartheid? Geoforum [online], 17 (2), 289307.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(86)90029-1

The colonial/apartheid city
Simon, D., 1984. Comment: The Apartheid City. Area [online], 16 (1), 6062. Available

at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20001997
Simon, D., 1984. Third World Colonial Cities in Context: Conceptual and Theoretical Approaches with Particular

Reference to Africa. Progress in Human Geography [online], 8 (4), 493514. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258400800402

Simon, D., 1989. Colonial cities, postcolonial Africa and the world economy: a reinterpretation. International Journal
of Urban and Regional Research [online], 13 (1), 6891. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
2427.1989.tb00109.x

Simon, D., 1989. Crisis and Change in South Africa: Implications for the Apartheid City. Transactions of the Institute of
British Geographers [online], 14 (2), 189. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/622812

Windhoek and Katutura
Dale, R. and Pendleton, W.C., 1976. Katutura: A Place Where We Do Not Stay. The International Journal of African

Historical Studies, 9 (3), 531.
Garnier, C. von, ed., 1986. Katutura Revisited, 1986: Essays on a Black Namibian Apartheid Suburb: On request of the

Roman Catholic Church of the Vicariate of Windhoek, Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Angelus Printer.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Pendleton, W.C., 1975. Social categorization and language usage in Windhoek, South West Africa. In: C. Kileff and
W.C. Pendleton, eds. Urban Man in Southern Africa. Gwelo: Mambo Press, 6380.

Pendleton, W.C., 1978. Urban Ethnicity in Windhoek. In: B.M. Du Toit, ed. Ethnicity in Modern Africa. New York, USA:
Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Simon, D., 1983. The Evolution of Windhoek 1890-1980. In: C. Saunders, ed. Perspectives on Namibia: Past and
Present. Cape Town: University of Cape Town 83108. Available at:
http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/163)

Urban political economy
Cooper, Allan D. (ed), 1988. Allies in Apartheid: Western Capitalism in Occupied Namibia [online], Macmillan.

Available at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/180
Green, R.H., 1979. Namibia: A Political Economic Survey: DP No. 144 [online]. Sussex, Institute for Development

Studies, University of Sussex. Available at: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/6330
Simon, D., 1989. South African Cities in the 1980s: the political economy of urban change. African Urban Studies, 21

(1985), 81-94.
van der Merwe, I.J., 1989. The Urban Structure of South West Africa/Namibia Viewed within a Third-World

Framework. Special Issue: International Aspects of Rural and Urban Metropolitan Systems [online], 9. Available
at: https://grf.bgu.ac.il/index.php/grf/article/view/64

Voeltz, R.A., 1988. German Colonialism and the South West Africa Company, 1884-1914 [online], Ohio University
Center for International Studies. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/194

Weigend, G.G., 1985. Economic Activity Patterns in White Namibia. Geographical Review [online], 75 (4), 462481.
Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/214413.

Weigend, G.G., 1985. German Settlement Patterns in Namibia. Geographical Review [online], 75 (2), 156169.
Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/214466.

Migrant labour and rural-urban linkages
Clarence-Smith, W.G. and Moorsom, R., 1975. Underdevelopment and Class Formation in Ovamboland, 18451915.

The Journal of African History [online], 16 (3), 365381. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700014316

Gordon, R., 1977. Mines, masters and migrants: life in a Namibian mine compound. Johannesburg, South Africa:
Ravan Press.

Gugler, J., 1989. Women Stay on the Farm No More: Changing Patterns of RuralUrban Migration in Sub-Saharan
Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies [online], 27 (2), 347352. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00000525

Melber, H., 1983. The National Union of Namibian Workers: Background and Formation. The Journal of Modern
African Studies [online], 21 (1), 151158. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00023090

Moorsom, R., 1976. Migrant labour in Namibia. Africa Perspectives [online] (3), 1729. Available
at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?rid=188860185

Moorsom, R., 1977. Underdevelopment, contract labour and worker consciousness in Namibia, 191572. Journal of
Southern African Studies [online], 4 (1), 5287. Available
at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03057077708707979

Simon, D., 1989. Rural-urban interaction and development in southern Africa: the implications of reduced labour
migration. In: R.B. Potter and T. Unwin, eds. The geography of urban-rural interaction in developing countries.
London, United Kingdom, 141168.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Walvis Bay dispute
Berat, L., 1990. Walvis Bay: the last frontier. Sandton: Radix.
Berat, L., 1990. Walvis Bay: Decolonization and international law. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bernard, W.S., 1987. The political geography of an enclave: Walvis Bay. The South African geographer, 15 (1/2), 85

99.
Dreyer, R., 1984. Dispute over Walvis Bay - Origins and Implications for Namibian Independence. African Affairs

[online], 83 (333), 497510. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097646
Hopwood, G., 1990. Walvis Bay: South Africa's hostage. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations in

association with the African-European Institute and Church Action on Namibia.
Moorsom, R., 1984. Walvis Bay: Namibia's port. London: International Defence & Aid Fund for Southern Africa in

cooperation with the United Nations Council for Namibia.
Prentice, J., 1986. That Troublesome Enclave: Namibia's Walvis Bay. Africa Today (19860601): 110, 33 (2-3).
Prinsloo, D.S., 1977. Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands: Background and status. Study Report No. 8, November

1977. Pretoria, South Africa: Foreign Affairs Association.

Conference papers and presentations
Moorsom, R., 1975. Underdevelopment and class-formation: The origins of migrant labour in Namibia, 1850-1915.

African Studies Institute.
Simon, D., 1982. The Colonial City in Transition: Some Contemporary Problems and Research in Windhoek, Namibia.

Work in Progress in Southern Africa, Centre for Southern African Studies. University of York, England.
Simon, D., 1984. The end of Apartheid? Some dimensions of urban poverty in Windhoek: The Second Carnegie Inquiry

into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa. Carnegie Conference Paper, No. 22 [online]. Cape Town.
Available
at: http://www.opensaldru.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11090/396/1984_simon_ccp22.pdf?sequence=1

Simon, D., 1984. Women and Men in the 'Informal Sector' in Windhoek, Namibia. Institute of British Geographers
Annual Conference. University of Durham, England.

Simon, D., 1985. Independence and Social Transformation: Urban Planning Problems and Priorities for Namibia.
Institute of British Geographers' annual Conference. University of Leeds. England.

Theses

North America
Gordon, R.J., 1977. Mines, Migrants and Masters: An ethnography of labour turnover at a Namibian mine. PhD

Thesis, University of Illinois.
Pendleton, W.C., 1970/1971. A Study of Ethnicity and Conjugal Unions among Africans in Windhoek, South West

Africa. PhD Thesis, University of California at Berkeley.

Southern Africa
Kotze, C.E., 1990. A Social History of Windhoek, 1915-1939. D. Litt. et Phil. Thesis. University of South Africa.
Mills, G.T., 1984. An inquiry into the structure and function of space in indigenous settlement in Ovamboland. Master

Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/32029
Mills, G.T., 1986. The social meaning of domestic space: notes on a suitable research methodology for southern

African architectural studies. PhD Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available
at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/32001

UK and Europe
Kaakunga, E.M., 1982. Colonial Capitalist Development: The Case of Namibia (1884-1977). Master Thesis. University

of Helsinki.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Simon, D., 1983. Aspects of urban change in Windhoek, Namibia, during the transition to independence. PhD Thesis
[online], University of Oxford. Available
at: http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.nanbb0422.pdf

Terhag, H., 1972. Walvis Bay und Swakopmund: ein wirtschaftsgeographischer Vergleich zweier südwestafrikanischer
Küstenstädte. [Walvis Bay and Swakopmund: an economic-geographical comparison of two South West African
coastal towns]. diploma-Handelslehrerprüfung. Universität zu Köln.

2. Post-independence publications (1990-2021)

2.1. Government / Parastatal Reports

Bank of Namibia
Bank of Namibia, 2011. 13th Annual Symposium, Housing in Namibia: Has the situation changed 21 years after

independence? The Research Department of the Bank of Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
https://www.bon.com.na/CMSTemplates/Bon/Files/bon.com.na/c1/c1145421-398c-43f8-aca4-
bd22e9b2de94.pdf

Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing and Rural Development
(MRLGHRD)
Government of the Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing, 1994. Report on

the Consultative Workshop with NGOs on the National Shelter Sub-Strategy. 2728 April. Windhoek, Namibia
Government of the Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing, 1996. National

Plan of Action. National Habitat II Committee. Windhoek, Namibia.
Hoygaard, P. and Government of the Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing,

1996. Plan your settlement: planning, plot demarcation and mapping of existing informal settlement; a how-to-
do- guide for residents and community leaders in informal urban settlements in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia

Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing, 1998. Decentralization in Namibia:
The Policy, its Development and Implementation. Windhoek, Namibia.

Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing, and Rural Development, 2007. Namibia
Build Together National Housing Program, Implementation Guidelines & Procedures. Windhoek, Namibia.

Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing, and Rural Development, 2008. Report on the third evaluation
of the Build Together Programme. Windhoek, Namibia.

Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing, and Rural Development, 2013. Local Government Reform
Position Paper, April 2013. Windhoek, Namibia.

Republic of Namibia; Office of the Auditor-General, 1999. Report on the Build-Together Programme of the Ministry of
Regional and Local Government and Housing. Windhoek, Namibia.

Republic of Namibia; Auditor-General Namibia, 2008. Follow-up performance audit report of the auditor-general on
the Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development Build Together Program for
the Financial Years 2006-2008. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/2006%20%202008%20Built%20Together%20Program.pdf

Simon, D., 1995. Non-racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia: An Evaluation of the First Two Years; Summary
Report, Report to the Namibian Local authorities and the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and
Housing. Windhoek, Namibia.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Simon, D., 1996. Regional Restructuring and the State in Independent Namibia: An Evaluation of the Regional
Councils, 1993-5. Report to Namibian Regional Councils and the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and
Housing. Windhoek, Namibia.

Taçon, P., 1991. Survey on street children in three urban centres of Namibia. / co-ordinated and carried out by the
Ministry of Local Government and Housing of the Republic of Namibia with the support and assistance of UNICEF
Windhoek. Windhoek, Namibia.

Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD)
Ministry of Urban and Rural Development. Website: Urban Land Information Management System. Provides a

platform for the Local Authorities and the Public at large to Manage Urban Land Ownership for all Local
Authorities in the Country. [online]. Available at: https://www.ulims.gov.na/

Miscellaneous
Government of the Republic of Namibia, 2016. Booklet prepared for 2016 International Invest in Namibia

Conference.
Government of the Republic of Namibia; International Labour Organization, 2014. Report to the Government,

Namibia Social Protection Floor Assessment Report. International Labour Office.
Government of the Republic of Namibia; International Labour Organization, 2015. Optimising the Potential for Job

Creation and Skills Development through the Mass Housing Programme. Final Draft Report, 23 February 2015,
Prepared by Dr Blessing Chiripanhura and Herbert Jauch for the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare.
Windhoek, Namibia.

Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA)
Central Statistics Office, 1994. 1991 Population and Housing Census: Basic Analysis with Highlights. Windhoek,

Namibia. Available at:
https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/1991_Population_and_Housing_Census_Basic_A
nalysis_with_Highlights.pdf

Central Statistics Office, National Planning Commission, 1996. Living Conditions in Namibia: Basic descriptions with
Highlights: The 1993/1994 Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey [online]. Windhoek, Namibia.
Available at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/p19dmqtfi6iubn9j19k512tqiv1.pdf

Central Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2003/2004: Main Report.
Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/NHIES_2003_4_main_report.pdf

Central Bureau of Statistics, 2008. Review of Poverty and Inequality in Namibia, October 2008. Windhoek, Namibia.
Available at:
https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/p19dmr33n31i1b1ko1f0016hg1jdq1.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency. Namibia 2001 and 2011 PHC Regional Profiles [online]. Available
at: https://nsa.org.na/page/publications/.

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2003. 2001 Population and Housing Census: Main Report. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/p19dmlgjkk1ojjdsd1ddd17is16jf1.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2012. Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey (NHIES) 2009/2010 [online].
Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia Statistics Agency. Available at:
https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/p19dmrae8os57rbnfuvbrgoae1.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2013. 2011 Population and Housing Census: Main Report. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/p19dmn58guram30ttun89rdrp1.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2015. Migration Report: Namibia 2011 Census [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia
Statistics Agency. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/Migration_Report.pdf

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2016. Migration in Namibia: A Country Profile 2015 [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia
Statistics Agency. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/Migration_In_Namibia_-
_Acountry_Profile_2015.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2016. Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey (NHIES) 2015/2016: Key Poverty
Indicators (Preliminary figures) [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia Statistics Agency. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/NHIES_2016_Key_Poverty_Indicators_Prelim
inary_Figures.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2017. Namibia Inter-censal Demographic Survey 2016 Report. Windhoek, Namibia.
Available at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/NIDS_2016.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2017. Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Report (NHIES) 2015/2016 [online].
Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia Statistics Agency. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/NHIES_2015-16.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2018. Namibia Land Statistics. Booklet [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia Statistics
Agency. Available
at: https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/Namibia_Land_Statistics_2018.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2021. Namibia Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Report 2021. Windhoek, Namibia.
Available at:
https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/Namibia_Multidimensional_Poverty_Index_(MP
I)_Report_2021.pdf

Namibia Statistics Agency, 2021. Namibia Urban Land Statistics Bulletin (Preliminary), Vol.1, Issue 1A, December
2021. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/Namibia_Preliminay_Urban_Land_Statistics_Bul
letin.pdf

National Housing Enterprise (NHE)
Housing Cooperatives in Namibia, 1992. Proceedings of an introductory workshop on housing cooperatives in

Namibia: what is their future? Contributors: Ministry of Local Government and Housing; National Housing
Enterprise; Namibia. Cooperative Housing Foundation. Women's Centre, Katutura, Windhoek, Namibia.

National Housing Enterprise, 1999. Research Report on Land Development and the Provision of Housing in Namibia.
Windhoek, Namibia.

Namibia secondary towns
National Housing Enterprise. (With SUM Consult, Germany)., 1994. Ondangwa Study and Programme Proposal

(draft), Sept. Windhoek, Namibia.
National Housing Enterprise. (With SUM Consult, Germany)., 1994. Swakopmund Study and Programme Proposal

(draft), Sept. Windhoek, Namibia.
National Housing Enterprise. (With SUM Consult, Germany)., 1994. Walvis Bay Study and Programme Proposal, Sept.

Windhoek, Namibia.
National Housing Enterprise. (With SUM Consult, Germany)., 1994. 1994a. Feasibility Report (draft), Sept. 1994.

Windhoek, Namibia.

Windhoek low-income housing programme
Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1992. Windhoek Low-income Housing Programme, Inception Phase, Progress Report

Number 1, September 14/October 13, 1992. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia.
Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1992. Windhoek Low-income Housing Programme, Inception Phase, Progress Report

Number 2, October/November 13, 1992. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

The National Housing Enterprise, Namibia, 1992. Windhoek Low-Income Housing Programme, Inception Report,
Submitted to the Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), Frankfurt, Germany, December 1992. Prepared with the
assistance of S.U.M - McNamara Consultants. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH01
cd/3db9f225.dir/19941204_windhoek_low_income_inception_report.pdf

The National Housing Enterprise, Namibia, 1992. Windhoek Low-Income Housing Programme, Inception Report,
Annexures, submitted to the Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), Frankfurt, Germany, December 1992.
Prepared with the assistance of S.U.M - McNamara Consultants. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH01
77/996a35b9.dir/windhoek_low_income_annexures.pdf

Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1993. Windhoek Low-Income Housing Programme. Quarterly Progress Report 1: First
Steps, March 1993. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH50
a8.dir/19930300_first_steps.pdf

Oshatotwa Housing Programme
Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1993. Oshatotwa Housing Programme. Quarterly Progress Report 2, A foundation has

been laid, July 1993. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH77
6f.dir/19930700_a_foundation_has_been_laid.pdf

Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1993. Oshatotwa Housing Programme. Quarterly Progress Report 3, Twayabuka!
Work is starting, September 1993. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH7c
48.dir/19930900_twayambuka_work_is_starting.pdf

Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1994. Oshatotwa Housing Programme. Progress Report No 4, Intermediate Programme
Evaluation, March 1994. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH97
42.dir/1994_oshatotwa_progress_report_no_4.pdf

Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1994. Oshatotwa Housing Programme. Progress Report No. 5, Lyamena (Growing
up), August 1994. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH01
e5.dir/19940800_lyamena.pdf

Sum-McNamara Consultants, 1994. Oshatotwa Housing Programme. Progress Report No.6, Obaubo otaa hapupala
(There are more and more houses), December 1994. Submitted to the National Housing Enterprise. Windhoek,
Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASHb5
e0.dir/ombaubo_out_fin_ocred.pdf

National Land Conference (1991 & 2018) reports and papers
Government of the Republic of Namibia and Office of the Prime Minister, 1991. National Conference On Land Reform

and the Land Question: The Consensus Document, July 1991 [online]. Windhoek, Namibia Available
at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/Conference_consensus_document_booklet_and_programme.pdf

Government of the Republic of Namibia, Office of the President, 2015. Press Release: Statement on the land issue
and the affirmative repositioning movement. Windhoek, Namibia.

Government of the Republic of Namibia, 2018. Agenda Programme for the Second National Land Conference. 1-5
October 2018. Windhoek, Namibia: Government of Namibia.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Iindombo, G. 2018. Upgradable Land Tenure System Under the Flexible Land Tenure System, Presentation to the 2nd
National Land Conference Participants. Office of the Prime Minister. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH26
c4.dir/Gabriel_Iindombo_National_Land_Conference_FLTS.pdf

Lühl, P. and Delgado, G., 2018. Urban Land Reform in Namibia: Getting Ready for Namibias Urban Future: Policy
paper for submission to the 2018 National Land Conference Windhoek, 1-5 October 2018 [online]. Namibia
University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI). Windhoek, Namibia.
Available at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/621

Mbanga, E., 2018. Urban Land for the Urban Poor, Second National Land Conference. Paper presentation by the
Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/landconference.html

NALAO and ALAN, 2018. Position paper on urban land in preparation of the Second National Land Conference
[online]. Namibian Association of Local Authority Officials (NALAO) and Association of Local Authorities in
Namibia (ALAN). Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/collection/landconf/document/HASHd0bb50f40e
a1fbc6ba117a;jsessionid=05932B33AF896C2287778B60ECA5F62F

NANGOF-Civil Society Organizations Working Group on Land Reform, 2018. Proposed recommendations to the 2nd
National Land Conference for consideration at the Thematic Working Group Discussions [online]. Windhoek,
Namibia. Available at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/CSO-WGLR-Discussion-document-on-the-land-
question-in-Namibia-DRAFT-2ndOctober2018.pdf

National Housing Enterprise, 2018. Availability of Urban Land for Housing Organisation: National Housing Enterprise
(NHE) Forum/Committee: 2nd National Land Conference. Windhoek, Namibia Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/collection/landconf/document/HASH0130a386dc305
d65597fc098

NEPRU, 1991. NEPRU Briefing Papers: National Conference on Land Reform [online]. Namibian Economic Policy
Research Unit (NEPRU). Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://mlr.gov.na/documents/20541/283412/Part+1_Section+4+NEPRU+Briefing+Papers+%28Pg144_170%2
9.pdf/2ddcfecb-7757-41f6-a24d-7375fdffc0c0

NGO Working Committee on Land Reform, 1994. Report of the People's Land Conference held under the auspices of
the NGO Working Committee on Land Reform in Mariental: 4-8 September 1994 [online]. Mariental, Namibia.
Available at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/peoples_land_conference_mariental.pdf

Werner, W. 2018. National Land Conference and land policy development Concept Note, April 2018. Windhoek,
Namibia. Available at:
http://specialcollections.nust.na:8080/greenstone3/library/sites/localsite/collect/landconf/index/assoc/HASH72
3a.dir/werner_concept_note_land_conference_April_2018.pdf

2.2. International organisational and institutional reports and
research publications

Basler Afrika Bibliographien, Basel

BAB Working Papers
Fumanti, M., 2004. Elites, sport and the state: The Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture and the building of

public life in post-apartheid Rundu. BAB working paper No.1 Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB).
Greiner, C., 2009. Beyond the rural-urban divide: migration in post-colonial Namibia. BAB working paper [online].

Basel, Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB). Available
at: https://www.baslerafrika.ch/content/uploads/2017/04/WP_2009_1_Greiner.pdf

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Hoffmann, A., 2006. Ein unsichtbares Denkmal: Für eine Anerkennung des Monumentcharakters eines Otjiherero
Praise Poems (Omutando) für die Old Location in Windhoek. [An Invisible Monument: For Recognition of the
Monumental Character of Otjiherero Praise Poems (Omutando) for the Old Location in Windhoek]. BAB Working
Paper No 5 [online]. Basel, Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Available
at: https://www.baslerafrika.ch/content/uploads/2017/04/WP_2006_5_Hoffmann.pdf

Likuwa, K.M., 2014. Contract Labour System and Farm Labourers Experiences in Pre-Independent Namibia: Historical
Reflections, Perspectives and Lessons. BAB Working Paper No. 2 [online]. Basel, Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
Available at: https://www.baslerafrika.ch/content/uploads/2017/04/WP-2014-2-Likuwa.pdf

Melber, H., 2016. Revisiting the Windhoek Old Location. Basler Afrika Working Papers No.3 [online]. Basel, Basler
Afrika Bibliographien. Available at: https://www.baslerafrika.ch/content/uploads/2017/04/2016_3_Melber.pdf

Books
Boulton, J., 2021. Have Your Yellowcake and Eat It: Men, Relatedness and Intimacy in Swakopmund, Namibia. Basel:

Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
Dobler, G., 2014. Traders and trade in colonial Ovamboland, 1925-1990: Elite formation and the politics of

consumption under indirect rule and apartheid. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
Iselin, R., 2008. Once upon a time in Windhoek: 16 Detachable Postcards. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
Namhila, E.N., 2017. "Little research value": African estate records and colonial gaps in a post-colonial National

Archive. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
Tvedten, I., 2011. "As long as they don't bury me here": Social relations of poverty in a Namibian shantytown. Basel:

Basler Afrika Bibliographien.

Centre for Research, Information, Action for Development in Africa
Peyroux, E. and Graefe, O., 1995. Precarious Settlements at Windhoek's Periphery (Namibia). Investigation into the

emergence of a new phenomenon [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Centre for Research, Information, Action for
Development in Africa. Available at: https://pdfcookie.com/documents/precarious-settlements-at-windhoek39s-
periphery-namibia-investigation-into-the-emergence-of-a-new-phenomenon-0nlz10jg3e25.

CHR Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway
Fjeldstad, O. and Geisler, G. 2005. Local Governance, Urban Poverty and Service Delivery in Namibia [online].

Norway, CHR Michelsen Institute. Available at: https://www.cmi.no/publications/2070-local-governance.
Tvedten, I., 2004. A Town is Just a Town: Poverty and Social Relations of Migration in Namibia. Canadian Journal of

African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines [online], 38 (2), 393423. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2004.10751290.

Tvedten, I. and Nangula, S., 1999. Social Relations of Poverty: A Case-Study from Owambo, Namibia. Research report
5 [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. CHR Michelsen Institute. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2435834.

Informationstelle Südliches Afrika (ISSA), Bonn
Iken, A., 1999. Woman-headed households in southern Namibia: Causes, patterns, and consequences. Frankfurt: IKO

- Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation; Windhoek.

International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Frayne, B., 2000. Survival of the poorest: urban migration and food security in Namibia [online], International

Development Research Centre (IDRC). Available at: https://idl-bnc-
idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/20737/116525.pdf?sequence=1

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Nordic Africa Institute (NAI), Uppsala
Byerley, A., 2011. Monumental politics in Namibia. Annual Report: The rise of Africa: miracle or mirage? [online],

2010, 3637. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/439.
Melber, H., 2007. Transitions in Namibia: which changes for whom? [online]. Uppsala, Nordic Africa Institute.

Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/428
Odén, B., 1991. Namibia's economic links to South Africa. A policy briefing on Namibian economic dependence in

Southern Africa. Focus on Walvis Bay, Mines, and Banking in SACU [online]. Uppsala, Nordic Africa Institute.
Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/426

RUAF Foundation
Dubbeling, M., 2016. Policy Review for Urban and Peri-urban Agricultural Development in Namibia [online]. Leusden,

RUAF Foundation Global Partnership on Sustainable Urban Agriculture and Food Systems. Available
at: https://ruaf.org/document/policy-review-for-urban-and-peri-urban-agriculture-development-in-namibia/

Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa
Tapscott, C., Brown, S., Leys, C. 1991. Southern Africa Report (vol. 7, no. 2): Editorial: 'Blowin' In Windhoek' [online].

Toronto, Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa. Available
at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/472

United Nations (UN) Agencies
Bucatariu C., Fischer L., Cronin E., Neuberger I. 2014. Final Report of the Food and Nutrition Security Workshop,

Windhoek, Namibia, 20 - 21 July 2014 (working paper). Hamburg, Germany, World Future Council.
Diener, I. and Graefe, O.(ed), 1999. La Namibie contemporaine: les premiers jalons d'une société post-apartheid.

[Contemporary Namibia: the first landmarks of a post-apartheid society]. Karthala: UNESCO. (Later published in
English by Gamsberg Macmillan) Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/146

Dima, S.J., Ogunmokun, A., and Nantanga, T., 2002. The status of urban and peri-urban agriculture, Windhoek and
Oshakati, Namibia. The survey report was prepared for the Integrated Support to Sustainable Development and
Food Security Programme (IP) [online]. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).
Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/esw/esw_new/documents/ip/5b_the_status_of_urban_and_peri.p
df.

UN Habitat reports
Asiama, S.O., 1993. Urban Land Delivery in Namibia. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat).

Windhoek, Namibia.
Government of the Republic of Namibia and UN Habitat, 2015. Namibia Country Report: For the Third United Nations

Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) [online]. United Nations. Windhoek,
Namibia. Available at: https://uploads.habitat3.org/hb3/National-Report-Africa-Namibia-English.pdf.

Odendaal, W. 2005. Namibia; Law, Land Tenure and Gender Review: Southern Africa. UN-Habitat [online]. Nairobi,
Kenya. Available at: https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Law,_Land_Tenure_and_Gender_Namibia.pdf.

Ottolenghi, R. and Watson, B., 2009. Toward a National Urbanization Strategy for Namibia: Issue analysis and key
recommendations. joint initiative of the Government of the Republic of Namibia (the Ministry of Regional and
Local Government) and UN-Habitat [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/towards-a-national-urbanization-strategy-Namibia.pdf.

UN Habitat, 2008. Country Programme Document 2008-2009: Namibia. United Nations Human Settlements
Programme, Regional Office for Africa and the Arab States. Nairobi, Kenya. Available at:
https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-country-programme-document-2008-2009-namibia

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

World Bank
Freire, M., Lima, R., Cira, D., Ferguson, B., Kessides, C., Mota, J.A., Motta, D., 2007. Land and Urban Policies for

Poverty Reduction: Proceedings of the Third International Urban Research Symposium Held in Brasilia, April 2005,
Volume 2 [online]. Brasilia, World Bank. Available
at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21557.

Heymans, C., Eales, K., and Franceys, R., 2014. The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa [online].
Washington, DC. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26081.

World Bank, 1991. Namibia Economic and Social Challenges: World Bank.
World Bank, 2002. Upgrading of low-income settlements: Country assessment report Namibia [online]. Washington,

World Bank. Available at: http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/case-examples/overview-
africa/country-assessments/reports/namibia-report.html.

World Bank, 2016. Mainstreaming Water Resources Management in Urban Projects [online]. Washington, DC, World
Bank. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24430.

World Bank, 2021. Namibia Systematic Country Diagnostic [online]. Washington, DC, World Bank. Available
at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35434.

2.3. Namibia organisational and institutional reports and research
publications

Deutsche Gesellschschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ Namibia)
GIZ and the City of Windhoek, 2015. Pre-Feasibility Study for the Sustainable Urban Transport Master Plan for

Windhoek including Rehoboth, Okahandja and Hosea Kutako International Airport, Final Report, June 2015.
Windhoek, Namibia.

Simasiku, B.M. and Jackie, L.L., 2020. Namibia State of Logistics 2020 Report and the challenge of Covid-19. Namibian
German Centre for Logistics. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at:
https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/NGCL_Namibia-State-of-Logistics_Report2020-1.pdf

Ulrich, J. and Meurers, D., 2015. The land delivery process in Namibia: A legal analysis of the different stages from
possession to freehold title, in cooperation with Leopold von Carlowitz and Judith Middleton [online]. GIZ.
Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: http://the-
eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The%20land%20delivery%20process%20in%20Namibia
.pdf.

Development Workshop Namibia (DW)
Development Workshop Namibia, 2015. Population mapping in the Angola Cuvelai 2013-2015. [online] Windhoek,

Namibia. Available at: http://the-eis.com/elibrary/search/12575
Development Workshop Namibia, 2018. Report on work in progress: Project: Developing and testing low-cost

sanitation solutions for Namibias informal settlements. Reporting period: 1 May to 31 October 2018 [online].
Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: http://dw-namibia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Report-on-work-in-
progress-low-cost-sanitation-solutions-DWN-12Nov18.pdf

Development Workshop Namibia, 2018. Scaling up the provision of urban land for housing. DWN/NCE land delivery
approach adopted by 2. National Land Conference [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: http://dw-
namibia.org/older-publications/

Development Workshop Namibia, 2019. Training Manual: Design and implementation of urban projects for the
provision of low-cost land for housing [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: http://dw-namibia.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/12/Training-manual-2Dec19.pdf

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Weber, B. and Mendelsohn, J.M., 2017. Informal settlements in Namibia: their nature and growth exploring ways to
make Namibian urban development more socially just and inclusive [online]. Windhoek: Development Workshop
Namibia. Available at: http://dw-namibia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Informal-settlements-in-Namibia-
their-nature-and-growth-DWN-2017.pdf

Media monitoring on urban development (2017-2019)
Development Workshop Namibia, 2017. May 2017: Media Monitoring on Urban Development in Namibia [online].

Available at: http://dw-namibia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Media-Monitoring-on-Urban-Development-
in-Namibia-May-2017.pdf

Development Workshop Namibia, 2018. September 2018: Media Monitoring on Urban Development in Namibia
[online]. Available at: http://dw-namibia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Media-Monitoring-Service-on-
Urban-Development-in-Namibia-SEPT-2018.pdf

Economic Association of Namibia (EAN)
Economics Association of Namibia., 2018. Land and livelihoods in Namibia: Essays from the Economics Association of

Namibia [online]. Windhoek, Economics Association of Namibia. Available at: http://the-
eis.com/elibrary/search/19314.

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)
Remmert, D. and Ndhlovu, P., 2018. Housing in Namibia: Rights, Challenges and Opportunities: Research Report:

Right to Housing Project [online]. Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR). Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://ippr.org.na/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/IPPR_HousingBook_PRINT.pdf.

Sweeney-Bindels, E., 2001. Housing policy and delivery in Namibia [online]. Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR).
Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: https://ippr.org.na/wp-
content/uploads/2011/10/Housing%20Report%20IPPR.pdf.

Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI), Namibia University of Science and
Technology (NUST)

Fact Sheets
Delgado, G., 2018. Housing: Fact Sheet [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology,

Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI). Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/FACT-SHEET-1-
2018-Housing.pdf

Mendelsohn, J.M., 2018. Urban land delivery (Fact sheet 2/2018) [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science
and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI).
Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/FACT-SHEET-2-2018-Urban-land-delivery.pdf.

Muller, A.M., 2018. Informal Settlements. Fact Sheet 6 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and
Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI).
Available at: https://ir.nust.na/bitstream/10628/620/1/FACT-SHEET-6-2018-Informal-settlements%281%29.pdf.

Working Papers: Land, Livelihoods and Housing
Asino, K. and Christensen, Å., 2018. Assessment of Housing Needs in Namibia. ILMI Working paper No.8 [online].

Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI).
Available at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/608.

Becker, H., 2020. Ruptures and continuities of struggle: social movements and popular struggles in urban Namibia,
1980s. Working Paper No. 11 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Management Institute (ILMI). Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/WP-11-BECKER-Ruptures-and-
continuities-of-urban-struggles-Namibia-1980s-WEB.pdf.

Chiripanhura, B.M., 2018. Housing in Namibia: The challenges and prospects for adequate future provision. ILMI
Working paper No. 7 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land
Management Institute (ILMI). Available at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/607.

Christensen, Å., 2015. The new Flexible Land Tenure Act: an update. [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of
Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI).
Available from: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/ILMI-CHRISTENSEN-The-new-flexible-land-tenure-act-An-
update.pdf.

Christensen, Å., 2017. The Flexible Land Tenure System in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals. ILMI
Working paper No. 6 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land
Management Institute (ILMI). Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/2017-CHRISTENSEN-The-
flexible-land-tenure-system-in-the-context-of-SDGs-WEB.pdf.

Delgado, G., 2018. A short socio-spatial history of Namibia. ILMI Working Paper 9 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia
University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute. Available
at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/623.

Delgado, G., 2021. Doing things for oneself: the case of the Dibasen Homeless Committee of Katutura. Working Paper
No. 12 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management
Institute. Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/WP-12-DELGADO-Doing-things-for-oneself-
Dibasen-WEB.pdf.

Esterhuizen, L., 2016. Planned layouts v. planning for slums: the case of Rehoboth Ext. 5 & 6 [online]. Windhoek:
Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI).
Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/ESTERHUIZEN-On-Rehoboth-Ext-5-6-WEB.pdf.

Harris, B., 2016. Participatory land delivery processes in Gobabis: the case of Freedom Square. Document No. 2/2016
[online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute
(ILMI). Available at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/577.

ILMI staff., 2017. The role of universities in participatory informal settlement upgrading: experiences from Kenya,
Namibia, Uganda, and Zambia. Land, Livelihoods and Housing Programme 2015-18, Document No. 1/2017.
Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI).
Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/ILMI-DN-The-role-of-universities-in-participatory-slum-
upgrading-Namibia-Kenya-Uganda-Zambia-WEB.pdf

Lewis, J., 2016. Land Delivery to the Urban Poor.: Case study of Lux Development Project Nam/343: Realities,
opportunities, possibilities, synergies. Document No. 1/2016 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science
and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI). Available
at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/580.

Werner, W., 2015. 25 Years of Land Reform. Working Paper No. 1 [online]. Windhoek: Namibia University of Science
and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI). Available
at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/2015-WERNER-25-Years-of-land-reform-in-Namibia-A4.pdf.

Workshops, reports, and commentary
Bayer, C.T.H., Christensen, A., Delgado, G., Hayford, S., Katjiua, M., Werner, W., and Lühl, P., 2015. Land, Livelihoods

and Housing: Research Programme 2014-2018 [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Namibia University of Science and
Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Spatial Sciences.
Available at: https://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/ILMI-LLH-Framework-2015-18.pdf.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

at: https://urbanforum.nust.na/sites/default/files/events/ILMI-ONE-Economy-Seven-ideas-for-informal-
settlement-upgrading-WEB.pdf.

Delgado, G. and Lühl, P., Friday, 29th 2018. Namibia's urban revolution. The Namibian [online], Friday, 29th June
2018. Available at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/20180629-Namibias-urban-revolution-GD-PL.pdf.

Delgado, G. and Lühl, P., 2020. Namibia's urban future: Rethinking housing and urbanisation. Book of proceedings,
27-28 February 2017, Windhoek, Namibia [online]. Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated
Land Management Institute. Available
at: https://urbanforum.nust.na/sites/default/files/Namibia%E2%80%99s%20Urban%20Future-
Rethinking%20Housing%20And%20Urbanisation-EBOOK.pdf.

Genis, P., 2015. The proposed new urban and regional planning bill. ILMI Document No. 1/2015 [online]. Windhoek:
Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute. Available
at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/546.

Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI), 2019. New Livelihoods for Namibia's urban future: Workshop with
Prof. James Ferguson [online]. Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management
Institute (ILMI). Available at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/ILMI-DN-3-2019-New-livelihoods-for-
Namibias-urban-future.pdf.

Integrated Land Management Institute (ILMI), 2019. Livelihood needs for Namibias urban future: a seminar series
with John Mendelsohn [online]. Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management
Institute (ILMI). Available at: http://ilmi.nust.na/sites/default/files/ILMI-DN-4-2019-Livelihoods-needs-for-
Namibias-urban-future.pdf.

Labour Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI)

Publications
Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2007. Gold mining companies in Africa: Workers experiences. Windhoek,

Namibia.
Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2009. A rich country with poor people: Inequality in Namibia. Windhoek,

Namibia.
Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2015. The Cost of Basic Needs in Namibia's Low Income Urban Households:

Results of a Pilot Study of Households in Windhoek's Katutura Central, Wanaheda, Okahandja Park and
Shandumbala. Windhoek, Namibia.

Mwilima, N. and Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2006. Namibias Informal Economy: Possibilities for Trade
Union Intervention [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/460.

Short papers
Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2003. The Land Question in Namibia: Still unresolved. Windhoek, Namibia.
Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2003. Namibia: Labour market and socio-economic indicators. Windhoek,

Namibia.
Labour Resource and Research Institute, 2004. The informal sector in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia.

Miscellaneous
Harper, S. and Maritz, N., 1998. The Avis Dam Environment: Greenspace's Draft Management Plan. In Cooperation

with Dr P Barnard, Dr A Burke, K Damon, C Muller, P Smit, Other Greenspace members and members of the
public [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.4414&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Namibia Development Corporation
Norval, D. and Namoya, R, 1993. The Informal Sector in Windhoek. Windhoek: Namibia Development Corporation

Publications.
Norval, D., Namoya, R. and Bezuidenhout, P., 1993. Informal Sector Development Policy Issues: Workshop

Proceedings. Windhoek: Namibia Development Corporation.

Namibian Economic and Policy Research Unit (NEPRU)

Working papers and reports
Andima, J., 1992. Notes on the National Housing Seminar, Windhoek, 19-20 April 1990: Convened by the Ministry of

Local Government and Housing. Nepru travel and meeting report No. 1 [online]. Windhoek: The Namibian
Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/notes_on_national_housing_seminar_windhoek.pdf.

Bogosi, R., 1992. Notes on the Housing Situation and Housing Policy in Namibia. NEPRU Working Paper No.15
[online]. Windhoek: The Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/notes_on_housing_situation_and_housing_policy_namibia.p
df.

Brown, S., 1992. Assessment of Popular Participation in the Formulation and Implementation of Development Policies
and Programmes: A Case Study of Namibia. Working Paper, No.20 Windhoek: The Namibian Economic Policy
Research Unit (NEPRU).

Kadhikwa, G., 1996. Existing and potential entrepreneurs in Ondangwa, Oshakati, Swakopmund, and Walvis Bay.
NEPRU working paper, No. 50. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).

Keulder, C., 1994. Urban Women and Self-Help Housing in Namibia: a Case Study of Saamstaan Housing Cooperative.
NEPRU Working Paper No.42 [online]. Windhoek: The Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).
Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/urban_women_and_self_help_housing_in_namibia.pdf.

Kössler, R., 1997. From Reserve to Homeland: South African Native Policy in Southern Namibia. NEPRU Occasional
Paper, No. 12 [online]. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/470

Melber, H., 1996. Urbanisation and internal migration: Regional dimensions in post-colonial Namibia. NEPRU
Working Paper No. 48. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).

Melber, H. and NEPRU, 2000. Namibia: a decade of independence 1990 - 2000. NEPRU publication, No.7 Windhoek:
Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).

NEPRU, 1990. Walvis Bay: Report of a fact-finding mission. NEPRU working paper, No. 13. Windhoek, Namibia.
NEPRU, 1996. The Namibian Economy A NEPRU Viewpoint No.5: Focus on Urbanisation, Migration and Regional

Policy. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).
NEPRU, ed., 1998. In Search of Research: Approach to socioeconomic issues in contemporary Namibia. NEPRU

publications, No. 6. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit.
Odendaal, W., 2006. The SADC Land and Agrarian Reform Initiative: The case of Namibia. NEPRU Working Paper 111

[online]. Windhoek, Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: http://mokoro.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/sadc_land_and_agrarian_initiative_namibia.pdf

Østreng, D., 1997. Domestic Workers' Daily Lives in Post-Apartheid Namibia. NEPRU Occasional Paper, No. 11.
Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).

Pomuti, A. and Tvedten, I., 1998. Namibia: Urbanization in the 1990s. In: NEPRU, ed. In Search of Research: Approach
to socioeconomic issues in contemporary Namibia. NEPRU publications, No. 6. Windhoek: Namibian Economic
Policy Research Unit, 103139 Available at: https://www.cmi.no/publications/1136-namibia-urbanization-in-the-
1990s

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Seckelmann, A., 1997. Low-income Housing Projects in Windhoek, Namibia.: A Contribution to Sustainable Urban
Development? Problems and Alternatives. NEPRU Occasional Paper No.9 [online]. Windhoek, Namibian Economic
Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/lowincome.pdf

Seckelmann, A., 2001. Development of Urban Settlements in Independent Namibia. NEPRU Occasional Paper No.20
[online]. Windhoek, Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/developments_of_urban_settlements_in_independent_nami
bia.pdf.

Simon, D., 1995. Strategic territory and territorial strategy: the geopolitics of Walvis Bay's reintegration into Namibia.
Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU).

Simon, D., 1996. What's in a Map?: Regional Restructuring and The State in Independent Namibia. NEPRU Occasional
Paper, No. 8 [online]. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/what_is_in_a_map_regional_restructuring.pdf.

Tvedten, I. and Mupotola, M., 1995. Urbanisation and urban policies in Namibia. Working Paper, No 47 [online].
Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU). Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/urbanisation_policies.pdf.

Namibia Housing Action Group (NHAG)/Shack Dwellers Federation Namibia (SDFN)
Gold, J., Nanupolo, M. and Namibia Housing Action Group CLIP Team, 2013. Research Report: Sanitation Issues in

Namibia, January 2013. Windhoek, Namibia.
Namibia Housing Action Group, 2009. Community Land Information Program (Clip): Profile Of Informal Settlements In

Namibia 2009 [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: https://www.shackdwellersnamibia.com/event-
3col.html.

Namibia Housing Action Group; Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia, Gobabis Informal Settlement Upgrading:
Planning with the Community and not for the Community. Booklet [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://www.shackdwellersnamibia.com/Documents/InformalSettlementUpgrading.pdf.

Namibia Housing Action Group; Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia, 2010. Annual Report 1st July 2009- 30 June
2010. Windhoek, Namibia.

Namibia Housing Action Group; Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia, 2011. Annual Report July 2010- June 2011.
Windhoek, Namibia.

Namibia Housing Action Group; Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia. 2012. Annual Report July 2011- 30 June 2012.
Windhoek, Namibia.

Namibia Housing Action Group; Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia , 2016. June 2015- August 2016 Report for Our
Patron Madame Geingos, First Lady of the Republic of Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia.

Scharrenbroich, A. and Shuunyuni, H., 2019. Annual Report - June 2018- July 2019 [online]. Namibia Housing Action
Group (NHAG); Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN), Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://sdinet.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/NHAG-SDFN-Annual-Report-jul18-june19.pdf.

Scharrenbroich, A. and Shuunyuni, H., 2020. July 2019-June 2020 Annual Report [online]. Housing Action Group
(NHAG); Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN), Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: https://sdinet.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/02/SDFN-NHAG-Annual-Report-2019-2020.pdf.

Namibia Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER)/ Multidisciplinary
Research Centre (Social Sciences Division (SSD), University of Namibia (UNAM)

Namibia Migration Project
Frayne, B. and Pendleton, W.C., 2002. Mobile Namibia: Migration Trends and Attitudes [online], Southern African

Migration Programme. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/155

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Pendleton, W.C., Frayne, B., Katzao, C., and Nangula, S., 1998. Report of the results from the Namibian Migration
Project. SSD Report No. 35. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development Programme,
Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Namibian secondary towns
Devereux, S., Melaku-Tjirongo, E., and Næraa, T., 1993. Urban situation analysis: A study of five Namibian towns. SSD

Research Report, No. 3. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development Programme,
Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Frayne, B., Du Plessis, A., Simon, D., Hopson, R., Scharbler, M., and Tapscott, C., 1994. Regional Development
Strategy for Oshana, Omusati, Ohangwena and Oshikoto (northern Namibia). SDD Research Report, No. 13.
Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research
Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Graefe, O., Oherien, D., and Renaud, P., 1994. Informal Settlement and Institutional Survey in Rundu Town.
Windhoek: Department of Geography, University of Namibia.

Hamata, S., Hangula, L., and Pendleton, W.C., 1996. A socio-economic assessment of the enclosure of communal land
within the townland boundaries of Oshakati and Ongwediva, and the relocation of Ndama Settlement in Rundu.
SSD discussion paper, No. 15. [online]. Windhoek, University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development
Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD). Available
at: http://theeis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/Socio_economic%20assessment_Oshakai
_Ongwediva.pdf.

Næraa, T. and Solomon, C., 1994. A socio-economic baseline survey of Uukwambi. SSD Research Report, No. 11.
Funded by UNICEF. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development Programme,
Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project
Hangula, L., 1993. The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project: The Town of Oshakati: A Historical

Background. SSD Discussion Paper, No. 2. The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project. Windhoek:
University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC),
Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Pendleton, W.C., LeBeau, D., and Tapscott, C., 1992. A socio-economic assessment of the Oshakati/Ondangwa nexus.
Research Report, No.10. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Namibia Institute for Social and Economic Research
(NISER).

Tvedten, I., 1994. The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project: the informal economy and income
generation. SSD Discussion Paper, 4. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development
Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Tvedten, I. and Hangula, L., 1993. The Oshakati Human Settlement Improvement Project: a preliminary socio-
economic assessment. SSD Discussion Paper, No. 1. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research &
Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Tvedten, I. and Pomuti, A., 1994. The Oshakati human settlement improvement project: A socio-economic baseline
study. SSD Discussion Paper, No. 9. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development
Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Vagnby B. and Nghikembua, S., 1995. Report of the Planning Mission on the Documentation of the Oshakati Human
Settlement Improvement Project, Namibia [online]. Windhoek, Namibia, Ministry of Regional and Local
Government and Housing Oshakati Town Council. Available at: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/report-of-
the-planning-mission-on-the-documentation-of-the-oshaka.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Urban policy and planning
Frayne, B., 1997. Considerations of planning theory and practice in Namibia. SDD Discussion Paper No.18. Windhoek:

University of Namibia, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).
Frayne, B., 1998. The potential role of urbanization in achieving global sustainability: Establishing an urbanization

transition model. SSD discussion paper, No. 17. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Urban Research &
Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Windhoek & Katutura
Frayne, B., 1991. A discussion of housing issues in post-independence Windhoek. NISER Discussion Paper No. 10.

Windhoek: University of Namibia, Namibia Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER).
Frayne, B., 1992. Urbanisation in Post-Independence Windhoek: With Special Emphasis on Katutura. Research Report

No. 6. Windhoek: University of Namibia, Namibia Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER).
Frayne, B., and University of Namibia., 1996. Planning for shelter, transportation, and the economy: The case of

Windhoek, Namibia. SSD Discussion Paper, No. 19. Urban Research and Development Programme. Windhoek:
University of Namibia, Urban Research & Development Programme, Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC),
Social Sciences Division (SSD).

Pendleton, W.C., 1990. Health and Daily Living Survey of Windhoek, Namibia, 1988-1989. Windhoek, Namibia:
University of Namibia, Namibia Institute for Social and Economic Research.

Pendleton, W.C., 1991. The 1991 Katatura Survey Report. Windhoek, Namibia: University of Namibia, Namibia
Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER).

The Legal Assistance Centre (LAC) of Namibia
Ellinger, I., Ondendaal, W., and von Carlowitz, L., 2015. Adequate Housing and Eviction: A Brief Overview of Namibian

and South African (Case) Law in the Context of Informal Settlements. Support to Land Reform Programme
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and Land, Environment and Development Project
(LEAD), Legal Assistance Centre [online]. Windhoek, Namibia. Available
at: https://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/housing.pdf.

Katjiuanjo, V., Ndauendapo, E., and Shipiki, E., 1997. Demographic and housing characteristics of agricultural
labourers in the commercial farming districts of Namibia: A report based on the 1991 population and housing
census. Farmworkers Project, Legal Assistance Centre. Windhoek, Namibia.

Larsen, R. and Augustus, G., 2020. Urban land and life in Namibias informal settlements. In: W. Odendaal and W.
Wolfgang, eds. "Neither here nor there": Indigeneity, marginalisation and land rights in post-independence
Namibia. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre 6994.

Legal Assistance Centre, 2007. Realisation of the right to adequate housing for people living with HIV/AIDS in
Namibia. Legal Assistance Centre. Windhoek, Namibia.

Odendaal, W., 2005. A place we want to call our own: A study on land tenure policy and securing housing rights in
Namibia [online]. Legal Assistance Centre (Namibia), Land, Environment, and Development Project (LEAD).
Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: https://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/aplacewewanttocallourown.pdf.

Odendaal, W. and Werner, W., eds., 2020. "Neither here nor there": Indigeneity, marginalisation and land rights in
post-independence Namibia. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. Available at:
http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/neither-intro.pdf

Werner, W. and Odendaal, W., 2010. Livelihoods after Land Reform: Namibia Country Report [online]. Legal
Assistance Centre. Windhoek, Namibia. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10566/4596.

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The National Youth Council of Namibia
Forster, B. and Jauch, H., 2016. The Urban Housing Crisis in Namibia: A Youth Perspective. Katutura, National Youth

Council of Namibia (NYCN).

The University Centre for Studies in Namibia (TUCSIN)
Limpricht, C. and Lang, H., 2008. Farms and Families Land Tenure in Rehoboth. In: C. Limpricht and M. Biesele, eds.

Heritage and cultures in modern Namibia - In-depth views of the country. Windhoek, Goettingen: Klaus Hess
Publishers.

Limpricht, C. and Biesele, M., eds., 2008. Heritage and cultures in modern Namibia - In-depth views of the country.
Windhoek, Goettingen: Klaus Hess Publishers.

Pendleton, W.C., 2008. Migration and urban governance in Windhoek. In: C. Limpricht and M. Biesele, eds. Heritage
and cultures in modern Namibia - In-depth views of the country. Windhoek, Goettingen: Klaus Hess Publishers, 9
22 Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/145

The Urban Trust of Namibia
Namoya-Jacobs, R. N., Urban Trust of Namibia, UNICEF Namibia, 1995. A study of informal settlements in Mariental

and options for action. Windhoek, Namibia.
Namoya-Jacobs, R.N. and Hokans, J., 1994. The Urban Trust: An Urban Policy Development and Action Planning

Organization. (Discussion Paper). Windhoek: The Urban Trust/Cooperative Housing Foundation.
Namoya-Jacobs, R.N. and Egumbo, P., 1996. Lessons in Urban Governance: A Case Study of Housing Policy and the

Housing Situation in Namibia. Windhoek: Urban Trust of Namibia.
Selenius, C.-O., Santos, J., and Urban Trust of Namibia., 2004. Informal settlements, un-exploited opportunities for

rural and urban development: an urban development perspective. Windhoek: Urban Trust of Namibia.
Urban Trust of Namibia, 1995. Annual report/ The Urban Trust of Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia.
Urban Trust of Namibia, 1998. Research report Local Authorities in Namibia: A comparative study. Windhoek,

Namibia.
Urban Trust of Namibia, 2014. Twenty years of urban survival [1994/95-2014/15]: A challenge of two realities.

Windhoek, Namibia.

Urban Dynamics Africa (Company)

Socio-economic research reports and household surveys
Urban Dynamics, 1999. Long-range Physical Structure Report for Rundu: Household Survey Report. Prepared for LUX-

Development, in Cooperation with the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing, and Rundu
Town Council [online]. Windhoek, Urban Dynamics, Town and Regional Planners. Available at: http://the-
eis.com/elibrary/search/4151

Urban Dynamics, 2000. Katima Mulilo Household Survey Report 2000 [online]. Windhoek, Urban Dynamics, Town
and Regional Planners. Available at: http://the-eis.com/elibrary/search/4153

2.4. Academic publications thematic, conference papers & theses

Changing paradigms and practices in urban planning
Becker, F., 2006. Development of space in independent Namibia: Deliberations on the projection of politico-

economic and socio-cultural transformation. In: H. Leser, ed. The Changing Culture and Nature of Namibia: Case
Studies. The sixth Namibia Workshop Basel, In honour of Dr. h.c. Carl Schlettwein (1925-2005). Basel: Basler
Afrika Bibliographien, 1735.

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Becker, F., 2013. Spatial planning in urbanisation: Observations from an academic perspective. Journal for Studies in
Humanities and Social Sciences [online], 2 (1), 20. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/1381

Böhm, P.T., 2018. Residential Segregation as Part of Imperial Policies: A Transnational Analysis for the Case of
Windhoek. Münster: LIT Verlag Münster.

Gewald, J.-B., 2009. From the Old Location to Bishops Hill: The Politics of Urban Planning and Landscape History in
Windhoek, Namibia. In: M. Bollig and O. Bubenzer, eds. African landscapes: Interdisciplinary approaches. New
York: Springer, 255275.

Miescher, G., 2015. The NE 51 Series Frontier: The Grand Narrative of Apartheid Planning and the Small Town.
Journal of Southern African Studies [online], 41 (3), 561580. Available
at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2015.1030900

Moodley, S., 2020. Exploring the mechanics of city-to-city learning in urban strategic planning: Insights from
southern Africa. Social Sciences & Humanities Open [online], 2 (1). Available
at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590291120300164

Noyes, J.K., 1992. Colonial Space. Spatiality in the Discourse of German Southwest-Africa 1884-1915 [online], Chur:
Harwood Publishers. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/195

Obert, J.C., 2015. Architectural Space in Windhoek, Namibia: Fortification, Monumentalization, Subversion.
Postmodern Culture [online], 26 (1). Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/631081/summary

Peters, W., 1994. A visionary approach: aspects of planning and urban history in Namibia. Rössing, 15.
Rogerson, C.M., 1990. Aspects of urban management in Windhoek, Namibia. Urban Forum [online], 1 (1), 2947.

Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03036525
Sidaway, J. and Simon, D., 1990. Spatial Policies and Uneven Development in the 'Marxist-Leninist' States of the Third

World. In: D. Simon, ed. Third World Regional Development: a Reappraisal. California, United States: Paul
Chapman Publishing, 2438.

Simon, D., 1993. State intervention in Africa's urban land and housing markets. In: J. Dahl, D.W. Drakakis-Smith, and
A. Närman, eds. Land, Food and Basic Needs in Developing Countries. Gothenburg: Department of Human and
Economic Geography, University of Gothenburg, 213230.

Simon, D., 1995. Conceptualizing small towns in African development. In: J. Baker and P.O. Pedersen, eds. The rural-
urban interface in Africa: expansion and adaption. Copenhagen: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 2951
Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:277421/fulltext01.pdf#page=31

Simon, D., 1996. The Role of Small Urban Centres: Comment on Pedersen and Fekade. Regional Development
Dialogue, 16 (2), 9799.

Simon, D., 1999. Rethinking cities, sustainability and development in Africa. In: P.T. Zeleza and E. Kalipeni, eds.
Sacred spaces and public quarrels: African cultural and economic landscapes. Trenton, N.J., Great Britain: Africa
World Press, 1741.

Simon, D., McGregor, D., and Thompson, D., 2006. Contemporary perspectives on the peri-urban zones of cities in
developing areas. In: D. McGregor, D. Simon, and D. Thompson, eds. The Peri-Urban Interface: Approaches to
Sustainable Natural and Human Resource. London: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 117.

Simon, D. and Parnell, S., 2014. National urbanization and urban strategies: necessary but absent policy instruments
in Africa. In: S. Parnell and E. Pieterse, eds. Africas Urban Revolution. London and New York: Zed Books, 237256
Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susan-
Parnell2/publication/260363179_National_urbanization_and_urban_strategies_necessary_but_absent_policy_in
struments_in_Africa/links/567a75b308ae7fea2e9a0d62/National-urbanization-and-urban-strategies-necessary-
but-absent-policy-instruments-in-Africa.pdf#page=247

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Tötemeyer, G.K., 1993. The Role of Small Urban Centres in Economic Recovery and Regional Development in Africa:
The Namibian Case. Windhoek.

Decentralisation and regulation
Bénit-Gbaffou, C., Fabiyi, S., and Peyroux, É., 2009. Sécurisation des quartiers et gouvernance locale: Enjeux et défis

pour les villes africaines (Afrique du Sud, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibie, Nigeria). [Neighbourhood Security and
Local Governance: Issues and Challenges for African Cities]. Paris, France: KARTHALA Editions; IFAS.

Graefe, O., 1997. Apartheid, municipalisation et régulation en Namibie. [Apartheid, municipalisation and regulation
in Namibia]. In: M. Bertrand and A. Dubresson, eds. Petites et moyennes villes d'Afrique noire. Paris: Karthala,
205218.

Graefe, O. and Peyroux, E., 2001. Decentralisation put to the test: the case of Oshakati economic capital of the
former Ovamboland. In: I. Diener and O. Graefe, eds. Contemporary Namibia: The First Landmarks of a Post-
Apartheid Society. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan 273287. Available at:
https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/146

Namoya-Jacobs, R. and Hokans, J., 1995. Urban governance in Namibia: A rocky road towards decentralization and
sustained poverty alleviation. Urban Forum [online], 6 (1), 115. Available
at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03036691

Olivares-Canas, C., 2005. Im Spannungsfeld von Globalisierung und Lokalisierung. Politische Dezentralisierung in
Hoachanas, Namibia [At the Crossroads of Globalization and Localization. Political Decentralisation in
Hoachanas, Namibia]. [online]. Bayreuth, Bayreuth African Studies Working Papers. Available
at: https://epub.uni-bayreuth.de/818/

Simon, D., 1996. Restructuring the local state in post-apartheid cities: Namibian experience and lessons for South
Africa. African Affairs [online], 95 (378), 5184. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/723725.

Simon, D., 1996. Whats in a Map? Regional Restructuring and the State in Independent Namibia. Regional
Development Dialogue [online], 17 (2), 131. Available
at: http://dna.nust.na/landconference/nepru_docs/what_is_in_a_map_regional_restructuring.pdf.

Simon, D., 1999. The postcolonial state, decentralisation and local economic development in Namibia. In: K.
Wohlmuth, ed. African Development Perspectives Yearbook. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag, 479505.

Participatory planning and claim making
Frayne, B., Pendleton, W.C., and Pomuti, A., 2001. Urban development and community participation in Oshakati,

Northern Namibia. In: A. Tostensen, I. Tvedten, and M. Vaa, eds. Associational Life in African Cities: Nordic Africa
Institute., 282303 Available at:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.462.975&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=282

Gold, J., Muller, A.M., and Mitlin, D., 2001. The principles of Local Agenda 21 in Windhoek: Collective action and the
urban poor. Working paper [online]. London, Human Settlements Programme. Available
at: https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/9129IIED.pdf

Metsola, L., 2018. Incremental Dependencies: Politics and Ethics of Claim-making at the Fringes of Windhoek,
Namibia. In: C. Ammann, ed. African Cities and the Development Conundrum. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff,
162187 Available online:

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https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37967/9789004387942_webready_content_text.pdf?
sequence=1#page=181

Metsola, L., 2021. Claiming land and housing imagining a just society: Precarity and urban citizenship in Windhoek.
Namibian Journal of Social Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing Crisis in Perspective), 97118. Available
at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60fea5a59b02a31d2b3113e7

Urbanisation and development
Frayne, B., 1992. Urbanisation and development: where to now, Namibia? Namibia Review [online], 1 (2), 2025.

Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=Q00008858.
Mbuende, K., 1993. Facing the challenges of urbanisation. Namibia Review, 2 (2), 58.
Simon, D., 1993. The Unravelling Knot. Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine [online], 17 (2), 3739. Available

at: https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/unraveling-knot
Simon, D., 1996. Urbanization and Industrialization: What Future for Sub-Saharan Africa? In: G. Benneh, W.B.E.

Morgen, and J.I. Uitto, eds. Sustaining the future: Economic, social and environmental change in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

Simon, D., 1997. Urbanisation, Globalisation and Economic Crisis in Africa. In: C. Rakodi, ed. The Urban Challenge in
Africa; growth and management of its large cities. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 74108.

Simon, D., 2007. Global change and urban risk: the challenge for African cities. The Constitution [online], 7 (1), 3-22.
Available at: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA15955753_172

van der Merwe, P.H., van der Merwe, I.J., and De Necker, P.H., 1991. A spatial and socio-economic profile of
urbanization in Southern Africa. Africa insight [online], 21 (2). Available
at: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02562804_1213

Urban co-production
Delgado, G., 2021. Situated Modernities: Socio-Spatial Co-Production in Namibia. In: A.K. Mohan, S. Pellissery, and J.

Gómez Aristizábal, eds. Theorising urban development from the global south. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan,
197219.

Housing and urbanisation
Botes, L.J.S., Stewart, T., and Wessels, J., 1996. Conflict in development: Lessons from the housing initiatives in

Freedom Square and Namibia Square. Development Southern Africa [online], 13 (3), 453467. Available
at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03768359608439906

Delgado, G., 2021. The Horizon for a Fuller Urban Life in Namibia is Visible: Expanding the Notion of the Urban
Housing Crisis and Changing Urban Politics. Namibian Journal of Social Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing
Crisis in Perspective), 4470. Available at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60fea94a9b02a31d2b3113eb

Indongo, N., 2015. The effect of urbanisation on housing conditions in Namibia. International Journal of Humanities
Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) [online], 2 (7), 18. Available
at: https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhsse/v2-i7/1.pdf

Kaulihowa, T. and Kamati, K., 2019. Determinants of house price volatility in Namibia. International Journal of
Housing Markets and Analysis [online], 12 (4), 807823. Available
at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJHMA-10-2018-
0077/full/pdf?casa_token=wfsrZngTUPQAAAAA:WCEnrL9dYEumCpJhdMVlxkJLn2S5Jg9NXiQxk2DGV03wJES0OW
F0a90g-pf1l5WYAn1fFlGwD0dzfKgwgUMaLaSYz7hdEOl4iKEoUInb87e29X4ce0M

Mooya, M.M. and Cloete, C.E., 2012. Governance structures for real estate transactions: markets, networks and
hierarchies in Windhoek's urban low-income settlements. Journal for Physical and Development Sciences
[online], 19 (2). Available at: https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC133249

Morange, M., Folio, F., Peyroux, E., and Vivet, J., 2012. The Spread of a Transnational Model: Gated Communities in
Three Southern African Cities (Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek). International Journal of Urban and Regional

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Research [online], 36 (5), 890914. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-
2427.2012.01135.x

Muller, A.M., 1993. A case study of domestic space in Namibia. In: K.K. Prah, ed. Social science research priorities for
Namibia. Windhoek, Dakar: University of Namibia; Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research
in Africa, 212229.

Nakuta, J.B., 2021. The Right to Adequate Housing in Namibia: A Right not Vindicated. Namibian Journal of Social
Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing Crisis in Perspective), 2243. Available
at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60fea4d89b02a31d2b3113e5

Ndjebela, T., 2021. The Namibian Housing Conundrum: Ambiguities and Contradictions. Namibian Journal of Social
Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing Crisis in Perspective), 181184. Available
at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60feac5a9b02a31d2b3113ef

Nord, C., 2021. Family houses building an intergenerational space in post-apartheid Namibia. Canadian Journal of
African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines [online], 125. Available
at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00083968.2021.1938618

Peyroux, E., 2001. Urban growth and housing policies in Windhoek: the gradual change of a post-apartheid town. In:
I. Diener and O. Graefe, eds. Contemporary Namibia: The First Landmarks of a Post-Apartheid Society. Windhoek:
Gamsberg Macmillan, 287306. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/146

Randa, I.O., 2016. Integrated Model of Affordable Housing Delivery for the City of Windhoek. International Journal of
Civic Engagement and Social Change (IJCESC) v3 n3 (07 2016): 1-15 [online], 3 (3), 115. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCESC.2016070101

Tjirera, E., 2021. (Re)tracing the History of Spatial Segregation, Urbanisation and Housing in Windhoek. Namibian
Journal of Social Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing Crisis in Perspective), 7196. Available
at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60fea5419b02a31d2b3113e6

Various, 2021. Women and Housing: A Katutura case study. Namibian Journal of Social Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's
Housing Crisis in Perspective), 119131. Available
at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60feabc69b02a31d2b3113ec

Whittaker, S., Boesak, H., and van Wyk, M. 2021. Opinion Piece 1: Is Social Housing Possible? Namibian Journal of
Social Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing Crisis in Perspective), 176180. Available
at: https://namsocialjustice.org/articles/file/60feac009b02a31d2b3113ed

Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN) and urban co-production
Ashekele, H.M., 2007. Community participation as a tool in urban housing delivery: A case of the shack dwellers

federation in Windhoek. Namibia Development Journal, 1 (1), 12.
Barnes, S.L. and Cowser, A., 2017. Building Homes and Building Lives: Benefits of Involvement in the Shack Dwellers

Federation of Namibia. Women, Gender, and Families of Color [online], 5 (2), 153. Available
at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/womgenfamcol.5.2.0153

Barnes, S.L., Cowser, A., and Gutierrez, T.A., 2017. Leadership Amidst Poverty: A Mixed-Methodological Analysis of
the Shack Dweller Federation of Namibia. Journal of African American Studies [online], 21 (2), 216235. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-017-9356-6

Chitekwe-Biti, B., 2018. Co-producing Windhoek: the contribution of the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia.
Environment and Urbanization [online], 30 (2), 387406. Available
at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0956247818785784

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Cowser, A. and Barnes, S.L. 2016. From shack dweller to home owner: The power of the MBOP, Africana womanism,
and self-help housing among the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia. Journal of Namibian Studies: History
Politics Culture [online], 19, 1541. Available at: https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/489

Muller, A.M. and Mitlin, D., 2007. Securing inclusion: strategies for community empowerment and state
redistribution. Environment and Urbanization [online], 19 (2), 425439. Available
at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0956247807082822.

Muller, A.M. and Mbanga, E., 2012. Participatory enumerations at the national level in Namibia: the Community
Land Information Programme (CLIP). Environment and Urbanization [online], 24 (1), 6775. Available
at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0956247811435891.

Indigenous architecture
Cupers, K., 2020. The Invention of Indigenous Architecture. In: I. Cheng, C.L. Davis, and M.O. Wilson, eds. Race and

Modern Architecture. Pittsburgh, USA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 187200.

Informal settlements and informality
Delgado, G., 2017. The role of universities in participatory informal settlement upgrading: experiences from Kenya,

Namibia, Uganda, and Zambia. Document No. 1/2017 [online]. Windhoek, Namibia University of Science and
Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute. Available at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/605

Delgado, G., Muller, A.M., Mabakeng, R., Namupala, M., 2020. Co-producing land for housing through informal
settlement upgrading: lessons from a Namibian municipality. Environment and Urbanization [online], 32 (1),
175194. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247820903981

Endjala, T. and Botes, L., 2020. Surviving like a Bird: Livelihood Coping Strategies in an Informal Settlement of
Windhoek, Namibia. African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie [online], 24 (1), 151173.
Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26918069

Indongo, N., Angombe, S., and Nickanor, N., 2013. Urbanisation in Namibia: Views from semi-formal and informal
settlements. Windhoek: University of Namibia.

Mlambo, N., 2012. Rethinking the poetics of urban informalities in fiction: Reconstructing the city space in times of
crisis. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences [online], 1 (1), 129138. Available
at: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/1363

Simon, D., 2011. Situating Slums: Discourse, scale and place. City [online], 15 (6), 674-. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2011.609011

van Wyk, A.M., et al., 2020. Investigating the subjective well-being of the informally employed: A case study of day
labourers in Windhoek and Pretoria. Acta Commercii [online], 20 (1). Available
at: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-203d49e5b1

Weber, B., 2017. Addressing informal settlement growth in Namibia. Namibian Journal of Environment [online], 1, B-
26. Available at: http://www.nje.org.na/index.php/nje/article/view/volume1-weber

Weber, B. and Mendelsohn, J.M., 2017. Informal settlements in Namibia: their nature and growth exploring ways to
make Namibian urban development more socially just and inclusive [online]. Windhoek: Development Workshop
Namibia. Available at: http://dw-namibia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Informal-settlements-in-Namibia-
their-nature-and-growth-DWN-2017.pdf

Migration and rural-urban linkages
Ashton, D., Mushaandja, J., and Pomuti, A., 2009. The Inter-Relationships and Linkages among Migration, Food

Security and HIV/AIDS in Windhoek, Namibia. Windhoek: University of Namibia; University Central Consulting
Bureau.

Frayne, B. and Pendleton, W.C., 2001. Migration in Namibia: Combining Macro and Micro Approaches to Research
Design and Analysis. International Migration Review [online], 35 (4), 10541085. Available
at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3092002

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Frayne, B., 2004. Migration and urban survival strategies in Windhoek, Namibia [online], 35 (4), 489505. Available
at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0016718504000041?casa_token=ng797lnc1vuaaaaa:asec
ggoiddf3wyi8_z_jy1wspvz3fziw5j5zqictqkjgv9vdur0cssxy4q8h91pfmgf5jeqkkg

Frayne, B., 2005. Rural productivity and urban survival in Namibia: eating away from home. Journal of contemporary
African studies [online], 23 (1), 5176. Available
at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0258900042000329457

Frayne, B., 2005. Survival of the Poorest: Migration and Food Security in Namibia. In: L.J.A. Mougeot, ed. Agropolis:
The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. [online] London: Ashgate Publishing
Limited, 4968. Available at: https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/28341

Greiner, C., 2010. Patterns of Translocality: Migration, Livelihoods and Identities in Northwest Namibia. Sociologus
[online], 60 (2), 131161. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43645660

Greiner, C., 2012. Can Households be Multilocal? Conceptual and Methodological Considerations based on a
Namibian Case Study. DIE ERDE Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin [online], 143 (3), 195212.
Available at: https://www.die-erde.org/index.php/die-erde/article/view/17

Niikondo, A., 2010. Migrants to cities and towns in Namibia: What their interests are? [online]. Windhoek, Namibia
University of Science and Technology. Available at: https://ir.nust.na/handle/10628/249

Niikondo, A., 2011. Migrants to cities and towns in Namibia: The dynamics of investing in urban versus rural areas.
Windhoek: Namibia University of Science and Technology.

Nord, C. and Byerley, A., 2020. Translocal Optimisation: Assembling Rural and Urban Spaces for Later Life in Urban
Namibia and Uganda. Journal of Southern African Studies [online], 46 (1), 109127. Available
at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2020.1718382

Pauli, 2020. Class-Switching: Migrants' Multiple Class Identities in Rural and Urban Namibia. Africa Today [online], 66
(3-4), 115. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africatoday.66.3_4.06

Pendleton, W.C. and Frayne, B., 2000. Migration as a population dynamic in Namibia. In: B. Fuller and I. Prommer,
eds. PopulationDevelopmentEnvironment in Namibia. [online] Austria: International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis., 273295. Available at:
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.33.5329&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=285

Pendleton, W.C., 2008. Migration and urban governance in Windhoek. In: C. Limpricht and M. Biesele, eds. Heritage
and cultures in modern Namibia - In-depth views of the country. Windhoek, Goettingen: Klaus Hess Publishers, 9
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Post-apartheid socio-spatial transformation
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Windhoek and Katutura
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Pendleton, W.C., 1994. Katutura: A place where we stay: life in a post-apartheid township in Namibia: Katutura
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Simon, D., 1991. Windhoek: Desegregation and Change in the Capital of South Africa's erstwhile colony. In: A.
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Public culture and heritage

Memory politics and memorialisation
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Becker, H., 2018. Changing urbanscapes: Colonial and Postcolonial Monuments in Windhoek. Nordic Journal of
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Brandt, N., 2020. Landscapes between Then and Now. 1st. | London, UK, New York, NY: Bloomsbury Visual Arts,
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Figueira, G.P., 2021. That horse will never rise again: an exploration of narratives around the iterations of the
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Hillebrecht, W., 2017. Monumentsand what else? The Controversial Legacy of German Colonialism in Namibia. In:
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Steinmetz, G., 2008. Harrowed landscapes: white ruingazers in Namibia and Detroit and the cultivation of memory.
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Williams, C.A. and Mazarire, T., 2019. The Namibian Independence Memorial Museum, Windhoek, Namibia. The
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Performing the urban
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Krishnamurthy, S. and Vale, H., 2018. Call of the Witpenssuikerbekkie: Landscape as symbol in contemporary
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Urban social movements
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Mushaandja, N., 2021. Critical Visualities & Spatialities: Protest, Performance, Publicness and Praxis. Namibian
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Urbanity and social relations
Boulton, J., 2017. Experimental intimacies: young men's understandings of their relationships with women in

Swakopmund. Journal of Namibian Studies [online], 22, 2544. Available at: https://namibian-
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Boulton, J., 2019. To beg, or to pray: makalani and the 'zula economy' in Swakopmund. Journal of Namibian Studies
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Fox, T., 2012. Assessing virtual culture exchanges: Internet social networks and global interactions among Windhoek
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Fumanti, M., 2007. Burying E.S.: Educated Elites, Subjectivity and Distinction in Rundu, Namibia. Journal of Southern
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Fumanti, M., 2015. Taramo, where winning is easy: the making of the entrepreneurial self in Namibia's
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Fumanti, M., 2017. The Politics of Distinction: African elites from colonialism to liberation in a Namibian frontier
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Müller-Friedman, F., 2007. Of Boers and Plaasjapies : 'Resistance', know-how and the urban imagination in North
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Nangombe, H. and Ackermann, L., 2013. Subsistence and Protection Needs of the Elderly Living in Katutura,
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Nedvd, R., 2014. Outline of the economic strategies of the urban Bushmen dweller: Case study of the !Xun living in
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Orford, M. and Becker, H., 2020. Homes and Exiles: Owambo Women's Literature. In: B. Bender and M. Winer, eds.
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Runge, J. and Sader, F., 2020. Shebeen queens: Begegnungen in Namibias Townships/close encounters in Namibian
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Tapscott, C., 1993. National reconciliation, social equity and class formation in independent Namibia. Journal of
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van der Hoog, T., 2019. Breweries, politics and identity: The history behind Namibian beer. Basel: Basler Afrika
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Urban colonial history
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Gewald, J.B., 2002. Diluting drinks and deepening discontent: colonial liquor controls and public resistance in
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Gewald, J.B., 2003. Near death in the streets of Karibib: Famine, migrant labour and the coming of Ovambo to
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Gewald, J.B., 2015. Wenela, Katima Mulilo, a Zone of Transit in Barotseland: The Development of a Holding Zone for
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Hartmann, W. 2007. Urges in the colony. Men and women in colonial Windhoek, 1890-1905. Journal of Namibian
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Hayes, P. 2015. Compound Nation: Migrant Worker Portraits in the Politics and Photography of 1980s Namibia. In: C.
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Hayes, P., 2020. Okombone: Compound Portraits and Photographic Archives in Namibia. In: C.A. Morton and D.
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Lau, B., Jaffa, M., Kautja, N., Oliphant, M., Ridgeway, D., Shipingana, K., Tjijenda, U., and Veii, G., 1991. An
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Pech, T. 2017. The internment camp Klein-Danzig in Windhoek 19391941. Journal of Namibian Studies: History
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Wallace, M., 1993. Urban Control and the Compulsory Examination of Women in Windhoek, 1915-1940. University of
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Wallace, M., 2002. Health, power and politics in Windhoek, Namibia, 1915-1945. Basel: P. Schlettwein Publications.
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Urban ecologies

Urban green spaces
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Urban sustainability
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Keinänen-Toivola, M.M., et al., 2018. NAMURBAN: Urban Resource Efficiency in Developing Countries: Pilot Walvis
Bay, Namibia. Final report of Tekes Business with impact project NAMURBAN. Series B, Reports 7/2018. Pori.:
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Keil, R. and Debbané, A.-M., 2005. Scaling discourse analysis: Experiences from Hermanus, South Africa and Walvis
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Majengua, M., 1994. Urban development and management in Namibia: a challenge for sustainable urban
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Peri-urban Resilient Ecosystems Project, 2020. Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation into climate resilience
strategies for informal settlements in Windhoek, Namibia. Urgent actions for tackling the development and
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Peri-urban Resilient Ecosystems Project, 2020. Policy Brief: Socially inclusive urban policy making for climate resilient
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Simon, D., 2001. Equitable and Sustainable Urban Futures in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa. In: C. de Wet and R.
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Simon, D., 2010. The challenges of global environmental change for urban Africa. Urban Forum [online], 21 (3), 235
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Thorn, J., Biancardi A.R., Wijesinghe, A., Mdongwe, M., Marchant, R.A., and Shackleton, S., 2021. Mainstreaming
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Thorn, J. and Wijesinghe, A. Launching a research programme to bring diverse stakeholder value systems together for
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Thorn, J.P.R., Hejnowicz, A.P, Marchant, R., Ajala, O.A., Delgado, G., Shackleton, S., Kavonic, J., and Cinderby, S.,
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Wijesinghe, A. and Thorn, J.P.R., 2021. Governance of Urban Green Infrastructure in Informal Settlements of
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Urban food systems
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Discussion Paper No. 49 [online]. Cape Town and Waterloo, Hungry Cities Partnership. Available
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Nickanor, N., Kazembe, L., Crush, J., and Wagner, J., 2018. Urban food system of Windhoek, Namibia: Africa's
supermarket revolution and urban food security in Namibia. HCP Report No.8 [online], Hungry Cities Partnership.
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Nickanor, N., Kazembe, L., Crush, J., and Wagner, J., 2018. No. 08: The Urban Food System of Windhoek, Namibia
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Nickanor, N.M., Kazembe, L., and Crush, J., 2019. Food security in Africa's secondary cities: The Oshakati-Ongwediva-
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Nickanor, N., Kazembe, L., Crush, J., and Wagner, J., 2021. Revisiting the African supermarket revolution: The case of
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Pendleton, W.C. and Nickanor, N., 2016. The State of Food Insecurity in Windhoek, Namibia. Urban Food Security
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Williams, L. and Smith, K., 2019. Food access and interventions: A case study of the urban poor in Namibia. African
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Informality and food security
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Namibia. Sustainability [online], 11 (1), 37. Available
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Kazembe, L., Nickanor, N., and Crush, J., 2019. Containing the informal food sector in Windhoek, Namibia [online],
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Kazembe, L.N., Nickanor, N., and Crush, J., 2019. Informalized containment: food markets and the governance of the
informal food sector in Windhoek, Namibia. Environment and Urbanization [online], 31 (2), 461480. Available
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McCordic, C. and Frayne, B., 2017. Untangling infrastructure access, housing informality and food security among
poor urban households in Southern Africa. In: B. Frayne, J. Crush, and C. McCordic, eds. Food and nutrition
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Nickanor, N., Crush, J., and Kazembe, L., 2019. The Informal Food Sector and Cohabitation with Supermarkets in
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Urban agriculture
Woltersdorf, L., Scheidegger, R., Liehr, S., and Doll, P., 2015. Small-scale water reuse for urban agriculture in

Namibia: Modelling water flows and productivity. Urban Water Journal, 12 (5), 414429.
Woltersdorf, L., Scheidegger, R., Liehr, S., and Doll, P., 2016. Municipal water reuse for urban agriculture in Namibia:

Modelling nutrient and salt flows as impacted by sanitation user behavior. Journal for Environmental
Management, 169, 272284.

Urban infrastructure and services
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urban poverty?: The Case of Greenwell Matongo, Windhoek. Namibia Development Journal, 1 (1), 15.
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Experiences with a Research-Driven Planning Method in Northern Namibia. gwf Wasser | Abwasser [online], 153
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Enkono, A.N. and Mosimane, A.W., 2016. An Assessment of Water Accessibility in the Kuvukiland Informal
Settlement of Tsumeb in Namibia. Journal of Sustainable Development [online], 9 (5), 10. Available
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Kalonda, J.K. and Govender, K., 2021. Factors Affecting Municipal Service Delivery: A Case Study of Katima Mulilo
Town Council, Namibia. African Journal of Public Affairs [online], 12 (2).
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Karuaihe, S.T. and Wandschneider, P.R., 2018. Limited access to services for the urban poor in Windhoek, Namibia.
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Keyter, C., 2010. Effectiveness and efficiency of a public-private partnership arrangement: A case study of perceptions
on the Ward Contractor System in the City of Windhoek, Namibia [online]. Windhoek, Namibia University of
Science and Technology. Available at: https://ir.nust.na/xmlui/handle/10628/76

Lewis, E.W., Siyambango, N., and Lendelvo, S., 2018. Assessment of accessibility of safe drinking water: A case study
of the Goreangab informal settlement, Windhoek, Namibia. Water Practice and Technology [online], 13 (4), 871
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Magnusson, T.S. and van der Merwe, B., 2005. Context driven policy design in urban water management. A case
study of Windhoek, Namibia. Urban Water Journal [online], 2 (3), 151160. Available
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Mapani, B.S., 2005. Groundwater and urbanisation, risks and mitigation: The case for the city of Windhoek, Namibia.
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at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706505000823

Savela, N., Levänen, J., Lindeman, S., Kgabi, N., Koivisto, H., Olenius, M., John, S., Mashauri, D., and Keinänen-Toivola,
M.M., 2020. Rapid Urbanization and Infrastructure Pressure: Comparing the Sustainability Transition Potential of
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Tjirera, E., 2018. Providing Basic Public Services remains a Challenge for Namibia's Government [online]. Online,
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van Greunen, S., 2021. The city assemblage: A case of Windhoek, Namibia. Cities [online], 119, 103374. Available
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Urban land and tenure
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community-based land tenure approach in Windhoek, Namibia. Town and Regional Planning [online]. Available
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Chigbu, U.E., 2021. The Quest for Good Governance of Urban Land in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insight into Windhoek,
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Christensen, S.F., Werner, W., and Højgaard, P.D., 1999. Innovative land surveying and land registration in Namibia.
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de Vries, W. and Lewis, J., 2009. Are urban land tenure regulations in Namibia the solution or the problem? Land Use
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Humavindu, M.N. and Stage, J., 2003. Hedonic pricing in Windhoek townships. Environment and Development
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Lauterbach, R. and de Vries, W.T., 2021. Beyond accuracy: evaluating alternative measurement methods in context
of Flexible Land Tenure System in Namibia. Survey Review [online], 19. Available
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Lewis, J., 2017. Law Reform for Improved Delivery of Land to the Urban Poor. In: D. Zongwe and Y. Dausab, eds. The
Law Reform and Development Commission of Namibia at 25: A Quarter Century of Social Carpentry. Windhoek:
Law Reform and Development Commission of Namibia, Ministry of Justice, 135172. Available at:
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Melber, H., 2019. Colonialism, Land, Ethnicity, and Class: Namibia after the Second National Land Conference. Africa
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Mooya, M.M. and Cloete, C.E., 2007. Property Rights, Land Markets and Poverty in Namibia's' Extra-Legal'
Settlements: An Institutional Approach. Global Urban Development [online], 3 (1). Available
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Mooya, M.M. and Cloete, C.E., 2010. Property rights, real estate markets and poverty alleviation in Namibia's urban
low-income settlements. Habitat International [online], 34 (4), 436445. Available
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Namupala, N., Nangolo, E., and Edwards-Jauch, L. 2021. Womens access to urban land and housing: Implications for
human rights and gender justice in Namibia. Namibian Journal of Social Justice [online], 1 (Namibia's Housing
Crisis in Perspective), 132147. Available
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Röder, A., Pröpper, M., Stellmes, M., Schneibel, A., and Hill, J., 2016. Assessing urban growth and rural land use
transformations in a cross-border situation in Northern Namibia and Southern Angola. Land Use Policy [online],
53, 97111. Available at: http://the-eis.com/elibrary/search/13058

van Asperen, P., 2014. Evaluation of innovative land tools in sub-Saharan Africa: Three cases from a peri-urban
context. [online] Amsterdam: IOS Press. Available at:
https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:a10117ce-9cfc-4638-83dc-9e9806558912

Werner, W., 1993. A brief history of land dispossession in Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies [online], 19
(1), 135146. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03057079308708351

Urban mobility
Silaa, J., Jazri, H., and Muyingi, H., 2021. A study on the use of mobile computing technologies for improving the

mobility of Windhoek residents. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development [online], 13
(4), 479493. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1838083

Yon, A. and Marathe, R., 2021. Diversity Mainstreaming as Panacea for Inclusive Transport Policy: The Twin Case of
Windhoek, Namibia and Delhi, India. Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific No. 91
[online]. Available at: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/2021-
11/Article%203_Diversity%20mainstreaming%20as%20panacea%20for%20inclusive%20transport%20policy-
%20the%20twin%20case%20of%20Windhoek%2C%20Namibia%20and%20Delhi%2C%20India_0.pdf

Urban political economy
Dubresson, A. and Graefe, O., 2001. The state, accumulation and regulation: for a political economy of Namibia. In: I.

Diener and O. Graefe, eds. Contemporary Namibia: The First Landmarks of a Post-Apartheid Society. Windhoek:
Gamsberg Macmillan, 5374. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/146

Mendelsohn, J.M., 2010. Atlas of Namibia: a portrait of the land and its people. Cape Town: Sunbird.
Murray, R. and Simon, D., 1993. Namibia Through the 1990s: turning rich resources into growth. Economist

Intelligence Unit, 1992. Journal of Southern African Studies, 19 (1), 169170.

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Sidaway, J.D. and Simon, D., 1993. Geopolitical transition and state formation: the changing political geographies of
Angola, Mozambique and Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies [online], 19 (1), 628. Available
at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2636954.pdf?casa_token=GaLdc2nblsoAAAAA:IxxVn9yNPuLhTqeNHyhdz8C
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Simon, D., 1991. Independent Namibia: One Year On. Conflict Studies, 239.
Simon, D., 1991. Namibia in Southern Africa: the Regional Implications of Independence. Tijdschrift voor

Economische en Sociale Geografie, [online] 82 (5), 377-387. Available at:
https://www.academia.edu/51678289/Namibia_in_Southern_Africa_The_Regional_Implications_of_Independen
ce?from=cover_page

Simon, D., 1993. Namibia Three Years On: Progress and Prospects. Conflict Bulletin Spring.
Simon, D., 1993. 'Namibia: Africa's Youngest Nation'. Journal of Southern African Studies [online], 19 (1). Available

at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636965?origin=JSTOR-pdf
Simon, D., 1993. Namibia's new geopolitics: lessons for South Africa. Indicator SA [online], 10 (3), 7376. Available

at: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/aja0259188x_173
Simon, D., 1995. The World City Hypothesis: Reflections from the Periphery. In: P.L. Knox and P.J. Taylor, eds. World

cities in a world-system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 132155.
Simon, D., 2017. Namibias Economy: from Colonial Chattel to Postcolonial Pragmatism. In: C.M. Rogerson and A.

Lemon, eds. Geography and Economy in South Africa and its Neighbours. London: Routledge, 171185 Available
online: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315254463-10/namibia-economy-colonial-
chattel-postcolonial-pragmatism-david-simon

Thornberry, C. and Simon, D., 2007. A Nation is Born; the inside story of Namibias independence. Journal of
Southern African Studies, 33 (1), 214215.

Boom and border towns
Dobler, G., 2009. Oshikango: The Dynamics of Growth and Regulation in a Namibian Boom Town. Journal of Southern

African Studies [online], 35 (1), 115131. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070802685601
Zeller, W., 2009. Danger and Opportunity in Katima Mulilo: A Namibian Border Boomtown at Transnational

Crossroads. Journal of Southern African Studies [online], 35 (1), 133154.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070802685619

Walvis Bay
Savage, C.J., Fransman, L., Jenkins, A.K., and Bamford, C.G., 2014. Developing Walvis Bay Port into a logistics gateway

for southern Africa: Issues, challenges and the potential implications for Namibias future. Journal of Transport
and Supply Chain Management v8 n1 (20140101): 1-10, 8 (1).

Simon, D., 1993. Namibia Regains Walvis Bay at Last. Review of African Political Economy [online], 59, 127129.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249408704049

Simon, D., 1996. Desert enclave to regional gateway?: the reintegration of Walvis Bay in Namibia. CEDAR Research
Papers, 19. London: Centre for Developing Areas Research (CEDAR).

Simon, D., 1996. Strategic Territory and Territorial Strategy: The Geopolitics of Walvis Bays Reintegration into
Namibia. Political Geography [online], 15 (2), 193219. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-
6298(95)00089-5

Simon, D., 1998. Desert enclave to regional gateway?: the reintegration of Walvis Bay into Namibia. In: D. Simon, ed.
South Africa in Southern Africa: Reconfiguring the region. Oxford: James Currey; Athens, OH: Ohio University
Press; Cape Town: David Philip, 103-128 (revised version of Simon 1996).

Simon, D. and Ekobo, M.S., 2008. Walvis Bay-Swakopmund: Desert micro-region and aspiring regional gateway. In: F.
Söderbaum and I. Taylor, eds. Afro-Regions; the dynamics of cross-border micro-regionalism in Africa. Uppsala:
Nordic Africa Institute, 53-73.

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Stanley, W.R., 1993. Southern Africas Walvis Bay exclave: apparent tranquillity and possible cause for concern.
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u53eo847g4rqsis4p9u1bqtspkdnazoutvcnbhyvmmeurwjokdfymu3bvwpepnojqc1q8mlzjkndcxkktoy.

Urban tourism
Connoy, L. and Ilcan, S., 2013. Township tourism and the political spaces of Katutura. Journal of Namibian Studies:

History Politics Culture [online], 13, 3354. Available at: https://namibian-
studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/136

Steinbrink, M., Buning, M., Legant, M., Schauwinhold, B., and Süßenguth, T., 2016. Touring Katutura!: Poverty,
tourism, and poverty tourism in Windhoek, Namibia. Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam.

Conference papers and presentations
Erastus, L.R., Jere, N.R., and Shava, F.B., 2021. A Secure Smart City Infrastructure Framework for E-Service Delivery

Within a Developing Country: A Case of Windhoek in Namibia. In: X.-S. Yang, et al., eds. Proceedings of Fifth
International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. Volume 2: ICICT 2020, London / Xin-She
Yang, Simon Sherratt, Nilanjan Dey, Amit Joshi, editors. Singapore: Springer, 454469.

Haenert, T. and & Mandimika, P., 2019. Womens Tenure Rights Across the Rural-Urban Continuum: Implications for
a Gender-Responsive Urban Land Reform in Namibia. Paper prepared for presentation at the The World Bank -
Washington DC.

Metsola, L., 2020. Social infrastructuring in Windhoek. Draft paper for the panel Slums as places of innovations,
ingenuity and creativity.

Moses, E.G., 2020. Long and short-distance internal migration motivations in post-apartheid Namibia: a gravity
model approach. Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: WP11/2020. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.

Nord, C., 2014. The urban landscape in north-western Namibia a production of healthcare and warfare spatialities.
Paper presented at the RGS-IBG Annual International Conference 2014, 27-30 August 2014, London, UK. Project
based at the Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies, NISAL - National Institute for the
Study of Ageing and Later Life. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

Roland, S., Stevens, Q., and Simon, K., eds., 2020. Segregation and Memory: Windhoeks Spatial Evolution as the
Capital of Namibia. Perth, Australia: The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand.

Shoonga, R., Gumbo, T., and Makoni, E., 2021. Land Development Processes and Property Rights: Top-Down and
Bottom-Up Approaches in Windhoek Namibia. Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on
Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. Johannesburg, South Africa: IEOM Society International.

van Asperen, P. 2010. Pro-poor land registration in peri-urban Oshakati (Namibia): an assessment. International
Academic Association on Planning, Law and Property Rights, Dortmund Conference, 10-12 February [online].
Available at: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/265240.pdf

van Greunen, S., 2013. Assessing the Resilience of Windhoek: on the road to re-defining sustainability. CAA DHAKA
2013, 20th General Assembly and Conference.

Wallace, M., 1994. The Process of Urbanisation. Trees Never Meet conference paper. Windhoek, Namibia.

Theses

Australia
Yon, A., 1999. Planning for urban growth: with special reference to Windhoek, Namibia. Master Thesis [online],

University of Tasmania. Available at: https://eprints.utas.edu.au/22038/1/whole_yonaliciap1999_thesis.pdf.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Northern America and Canada
PhD Theses
Betts, M.J., 2009. Namibia's No Man's Land: Race, Space and Identity in the History of Windhoek Coloureds under

South African Rule 1915-1990. PhD Thesis [online], University of California. Available
at: https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/namibias-no-mans-land-race-space-identity-
history/docview/304851625/se-2?accountid=10218

Clinton, N., 2007. You're more poor: Squatter efforts to shape urban space, housing, and informal work in
Windhoek, Namibia. PhD Thesis [online], Northwestern University. Available at:
https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/youre-more-poor-squatter-efforts-shape-
urban/docview/304832110/se-2?accountid=10218

Farrow, H.L., 1992. Local organizing and popular theatre: case studies from Namibia and South Africa. Master thesis
[online], Carleton University. Available at: https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/76726391-c3f9-4ccb-9e67-
674aec5b2461/etd_pdf/bbfb4abcd370e4f3d292348381b195fb/farrow-
localorganizingandpopulartheatrecasestudies.pdf

Frayne, B., 2001. Survival of the poorest: Food security and migration in Namibia. PhD Thesis [online], Queen's
University. Available at: https://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59541.pdf

Kamwanyah, N.J., 2018. Beyond the Tower of Babel: Finding a Better Path to Reconciling and Uniting Namibians: a
Case Study of Windhoek Suburbs/Townships. PhD Thesis [online], University of Massachusetts Boston. Available
at: https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/beyond-tower-babel-finding-better-
path/docview/2051785204/se-2?accountid=10218

Osayimwese, I.I., 2008. Colonialism at the center: German colonial architecture and the design reform movement,
18281914. PhD Thesis [online], University of Michigan. Available
at: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/127026

Quinn, S.E., 2019. Labor, Urbanization, and Political Imagination in Namibia, 1943-1994. PhD Thesis [online],
Stanford University. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/labor-urbanization-political-
imagination-namibia/docview/2555310971/se-2?accountid=10218

Master Theses
Gaydish, J.S., 2001. Old Swakopmund Reexamined: German Labor Mobilization Practices in Colonial Namibia. Master

Thesis. Arizona State University.

Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Boucher, M., Jackson, T., Mendoza, I., and Snyder, K., Unknown. Public Perception of Windhoek's Drinking Water and

its Sustainable Future: A detailed analysis of public perception of water reclamation in Windhoek, Namibia. An
interactive qualifying report submitted to the Worcester Polytechnic Institute In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science [online]. Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. Available at: https://digital.wpi.edu/downloads/zg64tm46k

Bryant, A., Campbell, A.D., and Salmon, P.J., 2004. Development of communal washing facilities for the Northwest
settlements of Windhoek, Namibia. An Interactive Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Worcester
Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science [online].
Worcester, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Available at: https://digital.wpi.edu/downloads/1v53jx222

Ray, E.M., Labbe, N.J., and McBride, N.S., 2006. Flooding and Erosion Control in the Informal - Settlements of
Windhoek, Namibia. Sponsored by the Namibia Housing Action Group, Interactive Qualifying Project [online].
Worcester, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Available
at: https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/bc386j69s.

Rota, C.E., Hard, B.F., Sachar, S., and Gillespie, C.P., 2015. Lighting the Way to Fire Safety: Reducing Fire Risk in
Namibia's Informal Sector Housing. Sponsor: Men on the Side of the Road, Interactive Qualifying Project [online].
Worcester, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Available
at: https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/xg94hp95n?locale=en.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Villar, M., Marco, A., Cline, E.K., Domingue, E.C., and Cline, J.G., 2012. Sustainable paper insulation for kambashus in
informal settlements of Namibia [online]. Worcester, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Available
at: https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/1v53jx61r?locale=en.

Ward, V.L., 2007. Rainwater Harvesting In Windhoek, Namibia. Major Qualifying Project [online]. Worcester,
Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/212985838.pdf

Wright, L.S., Norgard, E.A., and Bean, C.J., 2003. Energy efficiency in low-cost housing. Interactive Qualifying Project
[online]. Worcester, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Available
at: https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/q524jp249?locale=en.

Southern Africa

PhD Theses
Delgado, G., 2019. Land and housing practices in Namibia: cases of access to land rights and production of housing in

Windhoek, Oshakati and Gobabis. PhD Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available
at: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31363

Fox, T.A., 2012. Mass media, lifestyle and young adults (un)reflexive negotiation of social and individual identities in
Windhoek. PhD Thesis [online], Stellenbosch University. Available
at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/20087

Hedwich, R.-J.S.M., 1993. A study in four urban centres in Namibia to determine the cyclic nature of streetism among
children and suggestions for prevention, policy making and programme planning. PhD Thesis [online], University
of South Africa. Available at: http://digital.unam.na/handle/11070.1/4004

Indongo, J.N., 2019. Language and Mobility: A Study of Migrants Linguistic Repertoires and Discourses in Windhoek,
Namibia. PhD Thesis [online], University of Witwatersrand. Available
at: https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/language-mobility-study-migrants-
linguistic/docview/2486214153/se-2?accountid=10218

Ingo, P., 2019. Encountering post-settler state dynamics: understanding Namibias housing challenges and state
housing policy. PhD Thesis [online], University of Pretoria. Available
at: https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/70594

LeBeau, D., 2000. Seeking health: the hierarchy of resort in utilisation patterns of traditional and western medicine in
multi-cultural Katutura, Namibia. PhD Thesis [online], Rhodes University. Available at:
http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002666

Moses, E.G., 2020. Migration and urbanisation in South Africa and Namibia: an investigation of the intersection
between location, deprivation and opportunity in a developing country context. PhD Thesis [online], Stellenbosch
University. Available at: https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/107869

Mulondo, M., 2020. Participatory action research approach to address the poor water, sanitation and hygiene
conditions in an informal urban settlement in Windhoek, Namibia. PhD thesis [online], University of the Western
Cape. Available at: https://etd.uwc.ac.za/handle/11394/7684

Tjirera, E., 2019. Writing WindhoekMultiple representations of the city. PhD Thesis [online], University of the
Witwatersrand. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10539/31591

Master Theses
Besser, C., 2019. Transitional urban enslave: an arrival space for rural-urban migrants in Windhoek, Namibia. Master

Thesis [online], University of the Free State. Available at: https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/11660/10912
Brandt, N.L., 2019. Urban resilience and sustainability challenges: a case study on the City of Windhoek. Master

Thesis [online], Stellenbosch University. Available at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/106040

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Erriky, G., 2017. An analysis of the socio-economic security challenges of urbanisation on the livelihood of the
residents of Havana and Greenwell Matongo informal settlements of Windhoek, Namibia. Master Thesis [online],
University of Namibia. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2282

Harper, S.A., 1998. Urban Open space: users perception of Avis Dam environment. Master Thesis [online]. University
of Pretoria. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23461

Hiveluah, O.T., 2007. Mobility sketch planning tool for Windhoek. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town.
Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/5039

Hungi, K.D., 2020. Understanding barriers to housing delivery in informal settlements in Mariental, Namibia. Master
Thesis [online], University of the Free State. Available at: https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/11660/10871

Ishmael, M.M., 2016. Understanding the spatial dynamics of informal settlements: A spatial analysis case study of
Oohambo dha Nehale in the City of Windhoek. Master Thesis [online], University of Namibia. Available at:
http://hdl.handle.net/11070/1841

Kamundu, E., 2019. Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Urban Mobility (Non-Motorised Transport): A Case
Study of Eveline Street in the Windhoek Municipality, Namibia. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town.
Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/31484

Kgobetsi-Haradoes, C.D., 2017. An analysis of factors influencing housing affordability in Windhoek, Namibia. Master
Thesis [online], University of Namibia. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2054

Kisting, D., 2018. A shift from private to public urban management: a case study of Oranjemund, Namibia. Master
Thesis [online], Stellenbosch University. Available at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/105657

Kohima, J.M., 2016. Effective enforcement of land use management systems in Windhoek: case studies of Klein
Windhoek and Katutura. Master Thesis [online], University of the Free State. Available
at: https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/11660/7806

Liber, B.F., 1998. Urbanisation and the environment in Namibia: policy implications of the rural-urban relationship.
Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/9569

Likuwa, K.M., 2005. Rundu, Kavango: a case study of forced relocation in Namibia, 1954 to 1972. Master Thesis
[online], University of the Western Cape. Available at: https://etd.uwc.ac.za/handle/11394/241

Lipinge, L., 2020. An Analysis of the socio-economic challenges of rural to urban migration: A case study of Oshakati
Town, Namibia. Master Thesis [online], Cavendish University. Available
at: http://155.0.3.194:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/677

Mathe, A., 2018. A comparative analysis of housing policies of Namibia and South Africa. Master Thesis [online],
University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/30077

McCallum, A.N., 1996. An environmental impact assessment of urbanisation in the Erongo Region, Namibia. Master
Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/16101

Mlunga, L., 2012. Material flow analysis of wood fuel in small urban areas : the case of Tsumeb Namibia. Master
Thesis [online], Stellenbosch University. Available at: http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/20080

Motlatla, Stanislaus, 2018. Improving Livelihood of Unemployed Youth, Through Vegetable Gardening at Damara7,
Katutura-East Constituency in Windhoek, Khomas Region. Master Thesis [online], The Open University of
Tanzania. Available at: http://repository.out.ac.tz/2480/

Mupurua, J.U., 2003. A critical appraisal of the national housing policy reform and its implementation of the Build
Together programme within the Khomas region (1991-2002). Master Thesis. University of Namibia.

Nambinga, L.E., 2019. Review and gap analysis of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) in Windhoek, Namibia.
Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/30914

Namoya, Rozina, Nafawawa, 1995. A critical assessment of the urban informal sector in Namibia: a case study of
Windhoek. Master Thesis. University of Western Cape

Nashilongo, M., 2020. Application of rules of transportation planning based on principles of transport justice
developed by Karel Martens in Windhoek. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available
at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/32937

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Ndjembela, T.D., 2018. The impact of exclusion of the urban ultra-poor from public housing on the lives of those
excluded. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31102

Newaya, T.P., 2010. Rapid urbanization and its influence on the growth of informal settlements in Windhoek,
Namibia. Master Thesis [online], Cape Peninsula University of Technology.
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1451

Nghaamwa, R.N., 2017. An analysis of poverty among the residents of Okahandja Park informal settlement in
Windhoek, Namibia. Master Thesis [online], University of Namibia. Available at:
http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2061

Nghifindaka, T., 2020. Understanding the Challenges in Financing Affordable Housing: Multiple Stakeholder
Perspectives from Namibia. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available
at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/32960

Nghiulikwa, R.V., 2008. Re-situating and Shifting cultural identity in contemporary Namibia: The experience of rural-
urban migrants in Katutura (Windhoek). Master thesis [online], University of Western Cape. Available
at: https://etd.uwc.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11394/2720/Nghiulikwa_MA_2008.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Oherein, D.L.A., 1995. An analysis of urban transport demand in Windhoek: a case study of the Katatura and
Khomasdal residential areas. Master Thesis [online], University of South Africa. Available
at: https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/15695.

Pelaez, A.J.P., 2019. Contesting transdisciplinary climate knowledge: a decolonial perspective on the FRACTAL project
in Windhoek, Namibia. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available
at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/31792

Roland, S., 2009. A new typology - re-imagining a civic building. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town.
Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24369

Ruhlig, V.J., 2018. Colonial architecture as heritage: German colonial architecture in post-colonial Windhoek. Master
Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/30196

Shikangalah, R.N., 2005. Challenges of delivering low-income housing: a case study of the Build Together Programme
of Namibia. Master Thesis [online], University of Kwazulu-Natal. Available at: https://ukzn-
dspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/2145

Shinana, E.M., 2014. Urban livelihoods and the risk of HIV infection: lived experiences of young migrant women in
Havana informal settlements in Windhoek, Namibia. Master Thesis [online], University of Witwatersrand.
Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674443.pdf

Shinguto, S., 2016. Urban land grabbing and its implications to sustainable urban development a reflection from
Oshitayi area, Ondangwa (Namibia). Master Thesis [online], University of the Free State. Available
at: https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/11660/7782

Tischtau, C., 2013. Urban agriculture projects: Case studies in the cities of Windhoek, Namibia and Berlin, Germany.
Master Thesis [online], University of Namibia.Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/871

Tjirera, E., 2013. Ethnography of 'Herero Mall' (Windhoek) as a post-apartheid social space. Master Thesis [online],
University of Namibia. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/912

Weissnar, I.H., 1990. Urban Poverty and Sustainable Development in Namibia: A Case Study of Keetmanshoop.
Master Thesis [online], University of Johannesburg. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12582

Welch, M., 2000. Rural urban migration in developing countries: a survey of economic theory and empirical evidence.
Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/5678

Wilhelm, M., 2018. An Analysis of the role of governance on effective programme management - A case of Namibia
Mass Housing Development Programme Management. Master Thesis [online], University of Cape Town.
Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/29847

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

UK and Europe

PhD Theses
Chitekwe-Biti, B., 2013. Impacting the City: The Role of Social Movements in Changing the Citys Spatial Form in

Windhoek, Namibia. PhD Thesis. University of Manchester, School of Environment and Development.
Graefe, O., 1999. Territoires urbains, pouvoirs locaux et gestion foncière en Namibie (Oshakati, Ongwediva,

Oudangwa et Rundu): des collectivités urbaines en gestation. [Urban territories, local powers and land
management in Namibia (Oshakati, Ongwediva Ondangwa and Rundu): local governments in the making]. PhD
Thesis [online], Université Paris Nanterre. Available at: www.theses.fr.

Lühl, P., 2020. Decolonising the informal: discourse, everyday life, and the politics of urbanisation in Windhoek,
Namibia. PhD Thesis [online], University of Westminster. Available
at: https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/v1vvv/decolonising-the-informal-discourse-everyday-
life-and-the-politics-of-urbanisation-in-windhoek-namibia

Muller, A.M., 1995. Shared knowledge and the formal housing process in Namibia. PhD Thesis [online], University of
Newcastle. Available at: http://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/3151.

Müller-Friedman, F., 2004. Modernism on the margins: Making space on Namibia's urban frontier. PhD Thesis.
University of Cambridge, Newnham College.

Nord, C., 2003. The visible patient. Hybridity and inpatient ward design in a Namibian context. PhD Thesis.
Stockholm: Infrastruktur. Available at: https://www.diva-
portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A9507&dswid=3672

Peyroux, E., 2000. Housing policies and residential practices in Windhoek (Namibia): social and spatial
recompositions of the outskirts of a post-apartheid city. PhD Thesis. Université Paris.

Master Theses
Amunyela, H.-M., 1998. Urban-rural Linkages: a case study of female migrants in Babylon informal settlement,

Windhoek, Namibia. Master Thesis [online], Agricultural University of Norway. Available
at: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=NO1999000449

Begu, E., 2003. Assessing Feasibility study of informal settlements upgrading: Are there GI Policy and Management
implications?: Case study of Windhoek, Namibia. Master thesis [online]. University of Twente. Available at:
https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2003/msc/gim/enkela.pdf

Eckert, E., 2020. Assessment of sustainable tourism development in Windhoek, Namibia: Development and
implementation of an adapted criteria catalogue in line with respective local conditions. Master Thesis
(International Studies of Leisure and Tourism) [online], University of Applied Sciences Bremen. Available at:
https://media.suub.uni-bremen.de/handle/elib/4272

Friedman, F., 2000. Deconstructing Windhoek: The urban morphology of a post-apartheid city. Master Thesis
[online], University College London. Available
at: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/development/sites/bartlett/files/migrated-files/wp111_0.pdf

Guettou, N. and Djurfeldt, A., 2014. A Case Study on Gender Differences in Access to Food through Rural to Urban
Food Transfers, and its Impact on Food Security in Moses//Garoëb, Windhoek, Namibia. Master thesis [online],
Lund University. Available at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4588681/file/4588690.pdf

Karsten, B., 1995. Intraurbane Migration in Windhoek/Namibia [online], University, Institut für Geographie. Available
at: http://digital.unam.na/handle/11070.1/3756?show=full

Laufs, J., 2011. Bridging the Economic Divide in Urban Areas of Namibia: Townships within the Local Economic
Development Framework. Master Thesis, Stockholm School of Economics.

Savela, N., 2017. Urban Infrastructure Governance in Namibia: A multi-level analysis of urban system transitions.
Master Thesis [online], University of Turku. Available at: https://newglobal.aalto.fi/wp-
content/uploads/2019/11/savela2017-mastersthesis-namurban.pdf.

Thuening, E.M., 2018. Causes of Expansion of Urban and Peri-Urban Crop Cultivation in Northwest Namibia. Master
thesis [online], University of Cologne. Available at: https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/9430/

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Tischtau, C., 2013. Urban agriculture projects: Case study in the cities of Windhoek, Namibia and Berlin, Germany.
Master thesis. University of Namibia and Humboldt University.

3. Town histories and profiles

3.1. Overview of sources

Gobabis
Budack, K.F.R. and Schumann, G.E. von, 1989. Gobabis: Der weithin unbekannte Osten von Südwestafrika. [Gobabis:

The largely unknown East of Southwest Africa]. Mitteilungen SWA Wisseschaftliche Gesellschaft, 30 (7-8).
Nienaber, G.S., 1987. Gobabis nog 'n keer. [Gobabis once again] Namibiana, 11, 105110.
Schumann, G.E. von and Budack, K.F.R., 1989. Exkursion Gobabis: mit Seeis, Epukiro, Aminuis und Witvlei.[Excursion

Gobabis: with Seeis, Epukiro, Aminuis and Witvlei]. zusammengestellt von Gunter E.von Schumann. Kommentar
und vorgelesen Dr K.F.R Budack. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.

van Rooyen, P.H. and Reiner, P., 1995. Gobabis: A Brief History of the Town and Region [online]. Gobabis,
Municipality of Gobabis. Available at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/213

Gobabis old location
Afrika Post, 1967. Kurzberichte: Eingeborenensiedlung Gobabis. [Brief reports: Gobabis indigenous settlement]

Afrika Post Verlag, Pretoria. Afrika Post, 14, 16.

Grootfontein
Budack, K.F.R., 1993. Grootfontein: Materialien zur Geschichte II.[ Grootfontein: History Materials II].

zusammengestellt von K.F.R Budack. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
Budack, K.F.R., 1993. Grootfontein: Materialien zur Geschichte III. zusammengestellt von K.F.R Budack. Windhoek:

Namibia Scientific Society.
Budack, K.F.R. and Schoenfelder, E.B.W., 1993. Grootfontein: Materialien zur Geschichte I. Windhoek: Namibia

Scientific Society.
Otto, A., 2015. Grootfontein during the First World War. Gondwana History, 6, 130133.

Lüderitz
School of Architecture and Allied Disciplines, Lüderitzbucht Foundation, 1979. Lüderitz and environs: Conservation

Study. University of Natal.

Okahandja
Gaerdes, F., 1970. Geschichte und Entwicklung der Stadt Okahandja [History and development of the city of

Okahandja] [online], S.W.A. Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft - Namibia Scientific Society. Available
at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/156

Oranjemund and Sperrgebiet
Corbett, A., 1989. Diamond Beaches: A History of Oranjemund, 1928-1989 [online]. Parow, South Africa. Available

at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/141
Schneider, G., et al., 2006. Photographic and historical survey of diamond towns and related activities in Sperrgebeit

No. 2: April-May 2006. A collection of photocopied materials. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Outjo
Kruger, G.P., 1960. Outjo 1885 tot 1960: Geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van Outjo. [Outjo 1885 till 1960: History and

Development of Outjo] Outjo: self-published by Kruger, G.P.

Rehoboth
Limpricht, C., ed., 2012. Rehoboth, Namibia: Past & present. Hamburg: C. Limpricht.

Swakopmund
Beeger, H., 1971. Stadtgeographische Forschungusprobleme: Zusammenfassung meines Vortrages gehaltenam 22.

Februar 1971 in Swakopmund. [Urban geographic research problems: Summary of my lecture given in
Swakopmund on February 22, 1971]. Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Entwicklung, 3.

Fahrbach, H.O., 2017. Das Swakoptal: Bedeutende Plätze am Swakoprivier, vom Langen-Heinrich-Berg bis zur
Mündung. [The Swakop Valley: Significant sites on the Swakoprivier, from Tall Heinrich Mountain to the mouth].
Swakopmund, Namibia: Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Swakopmund.

Fahrbach, H.O., 2018. Die Strecke der ehemaligen "Staatsbahn" durch die Namib Swakopmund-Karibib. [The route of
the former "state railroad" through the Namib Swakopmund-Karibib]. Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft
Swakopmund, 50 (2).

Fharbach, Hartmut, O., 1987. Swakopmund um 1950: Die goldenen Jahre.[Swakopmund around 1950: The golden
years]. Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Entwicklung, 19 (2), 2425.

Haller, P., 1995. Swakopmund in alten Ansichten: 100 Jahre mit 48 Bildern und 1 Karte. [Swakopmund in
retrospective: 100 years with 48 pictures and 1 map]. 2nd ed. Swakopmund, Namibia: Peter's Antiques.

Legends of Africa, in association with Swakopmund Municipality, 2015. Profile of Swakopmund Namibia. includes
full-colour map of CBD and fold-out illustrated map of Swakopmund Riverbed Development. Also featuring
Arandis. Windhoek.

Marais, C., 1996. Swakopmund: Our heritage. 2nd ed. Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Massmann, U., 1983. Swakopmund: A chronicle of the town's people, places, and progress [online]. Swakopmund

S.W. Africa/Namibia, Society for Scientific Development and Museum, Swakopmund. Available
at: https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/200

Massmann, U., 1990. Swakopmund: Eine kleine Chronik; Swakopmund zum 90. Geburtstag. [Swakopmund: a little
chronicle; Swakopmund on its 90th birthday] 3rd ed. Swakopmund: Society for Scientific Development and
Museum.

Rautenberg, H., 1967. Das alte Swakopmund 1892-1919: Swakopmund zum 75. Geburtstag.[Old Swakopmund 1892-
1919: Swakopmund on the 75th anniversary]. Swakopmund: International Lions Club Swakopmund in
Zusammenarbeit mit dem Swakopmunder Museum.

Roxin, E., 2012. Swakopmund heute: Swakopmund today. Museum Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Swakopmund, 44
(1/12), 910.

Schmettau, K. von and Brüggemann, P., 2012. 120 years Swakopmund: The official yearbook. Swakopmund, Namibia:
Hippos Verlag.

Schmidt, F., 2007. Swakopmund vor 95 Jahren. [Swakopmund 95 years ago]. Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft
Swakopmund, 39 (1), 1823.

Walter, H., 1970. Die Brücken von Swakopmund. [The bridges of Swakopmund]. Namib und Meer, 1, 6981.
Walter, H., 1973. Die Anfänge der Trinkwasserversorgung von Swakopmund. [The beginnings of the drinking water

supply of Swakopmund]. Namib und Meer, 4, 2732.
Walter, M., 1972. Zur Geschichte und Bedeutung des Namens Swakop und Swakopmund. [On the history and

meaning of the name Swakop and Swakopmund]. Namib und Meer, 3, 3741.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

Tsumeb
Fait, J., 2017. Namibia's industrial heritage/Namibia`s industriekulturelles Erbe: Tsumeb 1900-2015. Tsumeb: Judith

Fait.
Fait, J., 2019. Kupfer, Kolonialismus, Kapital: Das Bergwerk Tsumeb, Namibia. [Copper, Colonialism, Capital: The

Tsumeb Mine, Namibia]. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.
Schatz, I. Tsumeb zu O.M.E.G Zeiten (2 books). 1892-1946. Namibia Scientific Society.
Söhnge, G., 1967. Tsumeb: A Historical Sketch [online]. Windhoek, South West Africa Scientific Society. Available

at: http://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/items/show/147
Tsumeb Corporation Limited, 1964. The mine at Tsumeb. Reprint from: Amax Journal, Summer 1964, Vol. 2, No 2.

New York: American Metal Climax, Inc.

Walvis Bay
Billawer, H.W. and Ekobo, M.S., 2002. A human geography atlas of Walvisbay: beyond reintegration. Windhoek:

Gamsberg Macmillan.
Bravenboer, B. and Madisia, J., 1994. Walvis Bay: Namibia. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Bruzelius, N., 2017. How the port of Walvis Bay became Namibian: This is my story. Windhoek: Kuiseb Publishers.
Burke, J.C., 1952. Walvis Bay: town of opportunity - part of tomorrow. Walvis Bay: Van Riebeeck Festival Committee.
Büttner, C.G., 1976. Das Hinterland von Walfischbai und Angra Pequena: eine Übersicht der Kulturarbeit deutscher

Missionare und der seitherigen Entwicklung des deutschen Handels in Südwestafrika. [The hinterland of
Walfischbai and Angra Pequena: a survey of the cultural work of German missionaries and the development of
German trade in Southwest Africa].Pretoria: State Library.

Dekker, P., 1997. Whaling expeditions of the West India Company to Walvis Bay. Journal Namibia Scientific Society,
40 (46), 47-63.

Jeffares, J., 1932. Report by J.L.S Jeffares on Rhodesia -Walvis Bay reconnaissance survey. Salisbury: Government
Printer Rhodesia.

Kinnell, S.B., 1977. History of Walvis Bay. Pamphlet.
Moltke, J., 1974. Walvis Bay in early times. Kuruman.
Poller, R.M., 1964. Swakopmund and Walvis Bay: a bibliography. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, School of

Librarianship.
Saban, M.S., 2013. Walvis Bay, Namibia's jewel: A place of humble beginnings 1487-2011. Walvis Bay: Coastal

Printers.
Silverman, M., 2004. Between the Atlantic and the Namib: An environmental history of Walvis Bay. Commissioned by

the Walvis Bay Local Agenda 21 Project. Windhoek: Capital Press.
Vogt, A., 2007. A tiny piece of Cape Town: A glimpse at Walvis Bay in the year 1900 from Judge Clemens Gutsche's

photo album. Journal Namibia Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, 55, 536.
Wilken, J.J.J. and Fox, G.J., 1978. The history of the port and settlement of Walvis Bay, 1878-1978. Johannesburg:

Perskor Publishers.
Wolfgang, R., 1993. Südafrikas Enklave Walvis Bay. Mitteilungen Namibia Wisseschaftliche Gesellschaft, 34 (5-6).

Windhoek
Bravenboer, B., 2004. Windhoek: Capital of Namibia. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Marais, C., 1986. Windhoek: Our heritage - Ons erfenis - unser Erbe. South Africa: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Mossolow, N., 1967. Windhoek Today/Windhoek Heute. Windhoek.
Mossolow, N., 1972. Windhoek: Three Historical Landmarks. Windhoek: John Meinert.
Mossolow, N., 1974. Windhoek Damals/This was old Windhoek. 3rd ed. Windhoek: John Meinert.
Schmann, G.E. von, 1995. Windhoek: A place of Many Names in the Past. The Quarterly Newsletter of Namibia Post,

1995, pp. 2223.
Stern, C. and Lau, B., 1989. Zoo Park: a history. Windhoek: Archives Service Division.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

van der Merwe, I.J., ed., 1983. National Atlas of South West Africa: Windhoek. Windhoek: Directorate Development
Co-ordination, SWA.

zur Strassen, H., 1975. Windhoek. Cape Town, London: Purnell.

Katutura and the old location
Bantu Administration and Development, 1959. Onluste Windhoek Lokasie (Unrest Windhoek Location) (BAD 18 File

O.3).
Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Background to the crisis (Katutura and Old Location) (PA.48 IV.1.19).
Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Notule, re Old Location to Katutura move (PA.48 IV.1.18).
Basler Afrika Bibliographien, 1959. Memorandum Submitted to Judge Hall re Katutura. Petition opposing proposed

movement to Katutura (PA.48 IV.1.20).
Digital Namibian Archive, Unknown. Social Life in Windhoek Old Location. 57 Photographs. Available

at: http://dna.nust.na/index.html.
Ridway, D., 1991. The story of the Old Location. Windhoek: Sister Namibia.

Katutura Compound
National Housing Enterprise, 1987-1988. Notes on the Katutura Compound. News release, old newspaper clippings

and articles on the demolition of the Katutura Hostel and forced relocation in Hainyeko.

3.2. Archival miscellaneous
Deutsches Kolonialblatt
Cleverly, J.J., 1891. Bericht der Administration für Walfisch Bay. [Administration report for Walvis Bay]. Deutsches

Kolonialblatt, 2 (14), 295296.
Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 1899. Zum Hafenbau in Swakopmund [On the construction of the port in Swakopmund], X

(3), 87.
Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 1901. Der Molenbau Swakopmund. Kolonial Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin. [The

pier construction Swakopmund. Colonial Department of the Foreign Office, Berlin] Deutsches Kolonialblatt, XII
(11), 391.

Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 1984. Anfänge der "Gartenstadt" Swakopmund. [Beginnings of the "garden city"
Swakopmund]. Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Entwicklung, 16 (2), 2728.

Deutsches Kolonialblatt 1894, 1984. Anfänge in Tsumeb. [Beginnings in Tsumeb]. Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche
Entwicklung Swakopmund, 16 (2), 113114.

SWA Jaarboek/SWA Annual
Bull, O.E., 1968. When Walvis was whaling. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 77.81.
Cookey, B.V., 1981. Swakopmund architecture. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1625.
Holler, F., 1968. Swakopmund - seventy years young: a photo story. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 152153.
Latham, 1949. The Latham Diary: Walvis Bay's first white women settlers. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 123135.
Pfeifer, E., 1976. Journey past "ghost towns". South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 157161.
Schumann, G.E. von, 1986. The Submarine Telegraph Cable link at Swakopmund 1899-1914. South West Africa (SWA)

Annual, 145153.
South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1946. A nodding introduction to the towns and villages, 136137.
South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1947. Playground of the territory - Swakopmund, 99.
South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1947. This is a port of potential greatness: Walvis Bay, 6169.
South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1949. Angra Pequena: die dorp van sand, wind en diamante. 8997.
South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1967. Oshakati: New "centre" of Ovamboland, 117121.

LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND HOUSING Working Paper A Bibliography: The Urban Question in Namibia

South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 1975. Walvis Bay - a peep into the past. 163165.
van Niekerk, W.M., 1974. The future of Swakopmund. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 111115.
Vincent, P.L., 1975. A peep into the future: Walvis Bay - transformation in fifty years. South West Africa (SWA)

Annual, 83.
von Gerlach, 1976. Tremendous Transformation at Walvis Bay. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 80.
Zwiebel, E.F., 1954. Ekonomiese aspekte van die distrik Outjo. South West Africa (SWA) Annual, 4347.

4. Legislation and Policies
Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), Namibia. NAMLEX: National Heritage Index [online]. Available

at: http://www.lac.org.na/namlex/National.pdf.
Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), Namibia. NAMLEX: Land and Housing Index [online]. Available

at: http://www.lac.org.na/namlex/Land.pdf.
Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), Namibia. Regulations [online]. Available

at: http://www.lac.org.na/index.php/laws/regulations/ .
Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), Namibia. Statues/Legislation [online]. Available

at: http://www.lac.org.na/index.php/laws/statutes/.
Republic of Namibia and Ministry of Urban and Rural Development. Downloads and Archives: Including National

Housing Policy [online]. Available at: https://murd.gov.na/resources.