REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA
2003 / 2004
Namibia Household
Income
&
Expenditure Survey
Central Bureau of Statistics
National Planning Commission
Private Bag 13356, Windhoek
Main Report
November 2006
N$ 100.00
Namibia Household Income and
Expenditure Survey (NHIES) 2003/2004
Previous publications Living Conditions in Namibia
Basic description with highlights
The 1993/1994 Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey
Producer Central Bureau of Statistics
National Planning Commission Secretariat
Private Bag 13356, Windhoek
www.npc.gov.na
Inquiries Ms N.C. Kali
+264 61 2834111
nkali@npc.gov.na
Mr. ST Quita
+264 61 2834111
squita@npc.gov.na
When quoting the information from this publication, please state the source as follows:
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2003/2004
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)
2006
Preface
The Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey (NHIES 2003/2004) alternatively
known as Household Budget Survey, is the second of its kind to have been conducted in
independent Namibia after the NHIES 1993/94.
Budget surveys are specialized statistical frameworks for monitoring and evaluation of
socioeconomic policy performances on the one hand and on the other, instruments for updating
and re-basing of National Accounts and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). According to the
international best practices budget surveys should be undertaken at least once in three to fi ve
years in order to ensure policy relevance. However, budget surveys are quite costly, due to
their coverage and other methodological requirements, which dictate that the data collection
should cover a full calendar year and meet regional dissaggregation by rural and urban areas.
The objectives of NHIES 2003/2004 are inter-alia to provide data for NDP 2 terminal review,
benchmark for NDP 3 formulation, provide data for the assessment of various policies on
poverty and income inequalities reduction and all these in pursuit of Vision 2030 goals.
The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) has applied the latest available techniques in the
processing of NHIES data mindful of burning policy demands for this data. A Preliminary
report from the NHIES was published in March 2006.
The present report is the main report from the NHIES. It provides a basic description of
the living conditions in Namibia concerning economic activity, housing and infrastructure,
possession of capital goods and property, economic standards as well as consumption and
expenditure patterns. The statistics are disaggregated by regions, urban and rural areas, sex of
head of households, main languages spoken in households, household composition, educational
attainment levels, economic activity and main source of income.
Due to resource constraints detailed poverty analysis were not accomplished and similarly
analysis of the data collected on household income.
The CBS has at this point anonymised the NHIES data set to enable other stakeholders to
access and add value to this data.
The Methodological report will be released shortly. This report will provide detailed description
of the survey.
I would like to thank the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), UNDP and
UNCEF for their technical and fi nancial support to this survey. I would also like to thank the
responded households, government, the general public and the media.
Last but not least many thanks to the staff of the NPCS both permanent and casual who made
this survey a resounding success
Fanuel S.M Hangula
Government Statistician
Central Bureau of Statistics Windhoek, November 2006
Contents
Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... i
1 Background and Overview.................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Survey design and implementation ................................................................................ 2
1.4 Estimation ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Consultation with stakeholders ....................................................................................... 3
1.6 Questionnaires, contents and manuals .......................................................................... 3
1.7 Pilot survey ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 Field organization ........................................................................................................... 3
1.10 Survey publicity .............................................................................................................. 4
1.11 Data collection ................................................................................................................ 4
1.12 Survey monitoring ........................................................................................................ 4
1.13 Data processing ............................................................................................................. 5
1.13.1 Data capturing ................................................................................................ 5
1.13.2 Data cleaning ................................................................................................... 5
1.13.3 Database design and contents ........................................................................ 5
1.13.4 Tabulation ........................................................................................................ 5
1.14 Defi nitions ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.15 Coverage and response rate .......................................................................................... 8
1.15.1 Primary sampling units .................................................................................... 8
1.15.2 Household response rate................................................................................. 8
1.16 Quality ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.16.1 Comparison with the post enumeration survey................................................ 10
1.16.2 Comparison with Census 2001 ....................................................................... 11
1.16.3 Comparison with NHIES 1993/1994 ................................................................ 11
1.17 The structure of the report ............................................................................................. 12
Administrative regions of Namibia .................................................................................. 13
2 Demographic characteristics.............................................................. 15
2.1 Households and population ............................................................................................ 15
2.2 Population by age and sex ............................................................................................. 16
2.3 Households .................................................................................................................... 20
3 Education .............................................................................................. 25
3.1 Literacy ......................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 School attendance .......................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Educational attainment ................................................................................................... 30
4 Main source of income ........................................................................ 33
5 Housing and utilities ............................................................................ 39
5.1 Type of dwelling .............................................................................................................. 39
2.2 Materials used for the dwelling ....................................................................................... 45-8
5.3 Type of tenure ............................................................................................................... 49
5.4 Source of energy ............................................................................................................ 49
5.5 Main source of drinking water ........................................................................................ 53
5.6 Toilet facilities ................................................................................................................. 55
5.7 Selected housing indicators ........................................................................................... 56
6 Access to services .............................................................................. 59
6.1 Distance to drinking water .............................................................................................. 59
6.2 Distance to health facilities ............................................................................................. 61
6.3 Distance to public transport ............................................................................................ 63
6.4 Distance to local shop or market ................................................................................... 64
6.5 Distance to primary school ............................................................................................. 65
6.6 Distance to high school ................................................................................................. 66
6.7 Distance to combined school ......................................................................................... 67
6.8 Distance to post offi ce .................................................................................................... 68
6.9 Distance to police station ............................................................................................... 69
6.10 Distance to magistrate court ........................................................................................... 70
7 Ownership of and access to assets ................................................... 71
7.1 Ownership of/access to selected assets ........................................................................ 71-82
7.2 Ownership of/access to animals and land ...................................................................... 83
8 Annual consumption and income ...................................................... 95
8.1 Annual consumption ...................................................................................................... 97
8.2 Annual income ............................................................................................................... 105-113
8.3 The GINI-coeffi cient ....................................................................................................... 114
9 Distribution of annual consumption .................................................. 115
9.1 Consumption groups ..................................................................................................... 115
9.2 Food consumption ratio .................................................................................................. 121
9.3 Annual consumption in kind and cash ............................................................................ 124
Urban ......................................................................................................................... 125
Rural ......................................................................................................................... 125
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 129
Appendix 1 Regional tables distributed by urban/rural areas ...................................................... 130
Appendix 2 Detailed tables .......................................................................................................... 135
Appendix 3 Sampling errors......................................................................................................... 141-144
Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2003/04 Form 1 ....................................... 145-186
Daily Record Book Form 2 ........................................................................................................... 187-190
Daily Record of Household `Expenditure and Receipts ............................................................... 191-201
Processing ......................................................................................................................... 202
Appendix 5 Specifi cation of sub groups ....................................................................................... 203
Education...................................................................................................................................... 203
Main source of income ................................................................................................................. 203
Housing ....................................................................................................................................... 204
Housing continued.. ...................................................................................................................... 205
Housing continued.. ...................................................................................................................... 206
Consumption ................................................................................................................................ 207
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 208
Executive summary
Central Bureau of Statistics i
Executive summary
Background and overview (Chapter 1)
The main objective of the NHIES 2003/2004 is to comprehensively describe the levels of
living of Namibians using actual patterns of consumption and income, as well as a range
of other socio-economic indicators based on collected data. This survey was designed to
inform policy making at the national and regional levels within the context of the Second and
Third National Development Plans in support of monitoring and evaluation of Vision 2030
and the Millennium Development Goals. International reporting is yet another important
consideration.
The NHIES was designed to provide policy decision making with reliable estimates at
regional levels as well as to meet rural - urban disaggregation requirements, this had obvious
cost implications on a sample to be selected to meet this criteria. A representative sample
of about 11 thousand households was selected over a twelve month period consisting of 13
survey rounds excluding the post enumeration survey (PES).
Two questionnaires (Form 1 and Form 2) were administered to sampled households. While
the data collection methodology of the 1993/94 and 2003/04 NHIES have remained basically
the same there is however, a notable improvement in coverage, and additional questions were
added to the questionnaire for NHIES 2003/2004 in response to users grown identifi ed needs
at the time. Furthermore in cases where additional collections are found to have serious
comparison implications between the two surveys, such limitations will be clearly pointed
out in the respective chapters.
Some methodological issues are partly discussed in Chapter 1 of this report, but are however
more exhaustively treated in the survey Methodological report.
The need to have relevant and timely budget survey data cannot be overstressed. The current
NHIES cycle of ten (10) years is extremely out of line with both national data requirements
and international best practices. Budget surveys are quite costly in comparison to other
conversional sample surveys, on account of duration and other cost considerations. The
NHIES 2003/2004 has so far cost approximately N$45 million of which about N$30
million has come from the government, N$13.7 million from SIDA and the rest from other
partners. The cost involved is understandably high, however the budget surveys being the
sole source of critical data for monitoring and evaluation of national development plans and
programmes, it has now been concluded that the NHIES will have a fi ve years cycle instead
of the current ten years practice. This resolve addresses international recommendations on
budget surveys and meets international reporting requirements at the same time.
Executive summary
ii Central Bureau of Statistics
The previous NHIES was conducted in 1993/94 and while efforts have been made to
ensure comparability there has invariably been some changes in methodologies, especially
in larger sample and the content of the household questionnaire, which makes it diffi cult
to separate the effects of change in methodology from actual development when the two
surveys are compared. Therefore, as a general rule the reader is urged to treat observed
changes between the two surveys as more indicative of direction rather than as precise
estimates.
Demographic characteristics (Chapter 2)
There were an estimated 371 678 private households during the survey, with an estimated
household popu1ation of 1 830 000. Most of the population and households lived in the
rural areas 65 and 60 per cent respectively. Khomas is the most populated region with 14
per cent of the total population, whereas Omaheke is the least populated with 3 per cent
of the population. The estimated average household size in Namibia is 4.9 persons. On
average rural households are bigger than urban households, 5.4 compared to 4.2 persons per
household respectively. The national average household size has decreased from 5.7 persons
since the previous survey in 1993/1994.
Education (Chapter 3)
Literate persons in the population aged 15 years and over are 83 per cent, and those not
literate 17 percent. The difference in literacy rates between males and females at national
level are insignifi cant.
In the NHIES, of all persons aged 6 years and above 85 per cent reported that they have been
to school and 15 per cent that they have never been to school. Among those aged between 6
and 16 years, 10 per cent reported that they have never been to school. While 7 per cent of
urban children aged 6-16 reported that they have never been to school, the proportion is 12
per cent among rural children.
It is estimated that 17 per cent of the population aged 15 years and above have no formal
education, 32 per cent have primary education as their highest educational level attainment,
46 per cent secondary education and 6 per cent have attained tertiary education. There are
great differences between urban and rural areas. The proportion of those who have no formal
education is 23 per cent in rural areas compared to 7 per cent in urban areas.
Levels of educational attainment in Namibia show an improvement over the last decade. The
percentage of the population 15 years and above that have no formal education has decreased
from 30 per cent in 1993/1994 to 17 per cent in 2003/2004, a decline almost by half.
Main source of income (Chapter 4)
In the survey, households were asked for their main source of income from a list of 11
possible source categories, including salaries and/or wages, subsistence farming, commercial
farming, pensions, cash remittances, maintenance grants, drought relief, in kind receipts,
etc. Almost half of all households in Namibia reported salaries/wages as their main source of
income. Subsistence farming is the main source of income for 29 per cent of the households
and pensions for 9 per cent. There is a large difference between urban and rural households.
In rural areas 48 per cent reported subsistence farming as their main source of income, as
compared to only 1 per cent of urban households. On the other hand, 77 per cent of urban
households reported salaries/wages compared to 26 per cent of rural households.
Housing and utilities (Chapter 5)
The NHIES collected information on type of dwelling categorised as follows: traditional
dwelling, detached house, semi-detached house, improvised house and fl at as well as on
type of tenure or ownership.
Executive summary
Central Bureau of Statistics iii
Overall, 44 per cent of households reported that they live in a traditional dwelling, making
this the most common form of reported dwelling. Of all households 27 per cent live in a
detached house, 7 per cent in a semi-detached house and 3 per cent in a fl at. These three
categories together can be considered as modern housing. On the other hand, 17 per cent
of households live in improvised housing. In rural areas, 71 per cent of households live in
traditional dwellings compared to 4 per cent in urban areas.
In the NHIES, households were classifi ed according to the type of tenure or ownership of
the dwelling. The survey revealed that 76 per cent of households reported that they owned
their dwellings. The proportions of households, which rent and occupy the dwelling for free
are 12 and 11 per cent respectively. In rural areas 81 per cent of households as compared to
41 per cent in urban areas own their dwelling without a mortgage.
The survey also collected data on main source of drinking water. Piped water is the main
source of drinking water for 75 per cent of all households, 12 per cent reported a borehole or
protected well, 8 per cent stagnant water and 5 per cent fl owing water. A larger proportion of
urban households, 99 per cent, use piped water compared to rural households that accounted
for 58 per cent.
The type of toilet at the disposal of household is one of the important indicators of
sanitation.
The survey reported that 37 per cent of households use fl ush toilet as the toilet facility, 8
per cent use pit latrine, 1 per cent use bucket toilet and 53 per cent, use the bush/no toilet. A
large proportion of urban households use fl ush toilet (75%), compared to rural households
(11%).
The availability of modern toilet facilities has improved only modestly over the past decade.
The percentage of households using bush/no toilet has decreased slightly overall but has
almost doubled in urban areas, confi rming the rise in informal urban settlements as a direct
consequence of rural-urban migration.
Distance to services (Chapter 6)
A majority of households in Namibia or 65 per cent reported that they are less than 1
kilometre to their source of drinking water. For 7 per cent of the households the distance is 3
kilometres while the remaining 28 percent of the households cover the distance of more than
3 kilometres. In urban areas, 96 per cent of households are less than 1 kilometre from the
source of drinking water, whereas 56 per cent of rural households are 1 kilometre or more.
Less than 30 per cent of households in Namibia reported that they are less than 1 kilometre
to the nearest hospital or clinic, over 7 per cent, however, are more than 40 kilometres.
For urban households, 97 per cent are less than 6 kilometres from a health facility. The
corresponding proportion of rural households is 41 per cent.
The distance to the nearest primary school is less than 1 kilometre for 46 per cent of
households in Namibia. Less than 8 per cent of households in Namibia are more than 20
kilometres. Among urban households, 66 per cent are within 1 kilometre of a primary school
compared to 32 per cent of rural households. Out of all rural households nearly 19 per cent
are 11 kilometres or more to the nearest primary school. In Omaheke, 21 per cent of all
households are more than 50 kilometres to the nearest primary school.
Ownership and access to assets (Chapter 7)
In order to gauge changes in welfare status of households in terms of access to assets, the
survey inquired on three broad categories of owning, no owning but have access and neither
owning nor having access to assets.
The survey reported that over 71 per cent of households own a radio, 13 per cent reported
access to a radio and 15 per cent neither owned nor had access. Access to a radio is quite
prevalent in urban areas where 79 per cent of households own a radio compared to 66 per
Executive summary
iv Central Bureau of Statistics
cent in rural areas. The percentage of households owning a radio has increased from 65 to
71 per cent since the NHIES 1993/1994.
Regarding the ownership of or access to television, 29 per cent of households reported that
they own a TV, 10 per cent reported access and 60 per cent no access. A higher percentage
of urban households have access to TV, 70 percent compared to 18 per cent of rural
households.
Ownership of a telephone or cell phone has increased signifi cantly since the NHIES
1993/1994. The percentage of households that own a phone has increased from 17 to 34
per cent. In the survey 34 per cent of households reported that they own a telephone or cell
phone, 33 per cent have access to a phone and 33 per cent have no access. In urban areas
60 per cent of households own a telephone or cell phone compared to 15 per cent in rural
areas.
Nearly half, 49 per cent, of households reported in the survey that they own poultry, 39 per
cent own goats and 34 per cent own cattle.
Annual consumption and income (Chapter 8)
The estimated total households consumption during the survey period was N$15 639 million.
The average annual consumption per household is N$42 078 while the consumption per
capita is N$8 546. Annual consumption is signifi cantly higher in urban areas. For example,
while rural areas account for 60 per cent of all households in the country, they only account
for 38 per cent of total consumption. Average consumption per capita is N$4 914 in rural
areas compared to N$15 393 in urban areas, a factor of more than three times as high.
Female headed households constitutes 41 per cent of all households, but only consume
a marginal 29 per cent of total consumption. Consequently, the average consumption in
male headed households is N$50 113 compared to N$30 465 in female headed households.
Similarly, consumption per capita in male headed households is N$10 204 as compared to
N$6 132 in households headed by females. In other words, consumption per capita is 40 per
cent lower in female headed households compared to male headed households.
The NHIES results show that the total income in Namibian households over the survey
period was N$16 176 million. The average annual income per household is N$43 521and
the per capita income is N$8 839.
Household income also varies greatly across language groups. Income per capita in
households where Khoisan is the main language spoken is N$2 642 compared to N$81
772 in households where the main language is German. In other words individuals in a
German-speaking household on average have a level of income that is 31 times higher than
individuals in a Khoisan-speaking household.
The GINI coeffi cient for Namibia is 0.604 according to results from NHIES 2003/2004
compared to 0.701 in 1993/1994. Thus, this survey shows that inequality in the distribution
of income has decreased albeit incrementally. Despite this decline however, the level of
inequality in Namibia remains among the highest in the world.
Distribution of annual consumption (Chapter 9)
Most consumption in Namibia is on food and beverages, 24 per cent, followed by housing,
21 per cent and transport and communications, 16 per cent. In urban areas the largest share of
consumption is allocated to housing (24%), while in rural areas most of the consumption is on
food (39%).
Female headed households have a higher share of consumption on food/beverages and housing
than male headed households.
In the NHIES the ratio of food consumption to total consumption is used as a crude poverty
measure. If 60 per cent or more of the households total consumption is spent on food then the
Executive summary
Central Bureau of Statistics v
household is considered poor, while a household is considered. severely poor if 80 per
cent or more of household consumption is spent on food.
According to this defi nition of poverty, the severely poor households in Namibia constituted
4 per cent and the poor households (incl. severely poor) 28 per cent. The proportion of
severely poor households is 6 per cent in rural areas and in urban areas 1 per cent. The
percentage of poor (incl. severely poor) households in rural areas is 42 per cent and 7 per
cent in urban areas.
Most transactions in Namibia are in cash. At the national level about 75 per cent of total
consumption is in cash and 25 per cent is in kind. Male headed households account for a
higher percentage of cash transactions than female headed households.
Executive summary
vi Central Bureau of Statistics
Key indicators, 1993/1994-2003/2004
1993/1994 2003/2004
Average household size
Namibia 5.7 4.9
Urban 4.8 4.2
Rural 6.1 5.4
Proportion of population aged 15+ with no formal education
Namibia 30% 17%
Urban 11% 7%
Rural 39% 23%
Proportion of households cooking without electricity or gas
Namibia 73% 65%
Urban 28% 28%
Rural 95% 91%
Proportion of households with no toilet/use bush
Namibia 57% 53%
Urban 8% 16%
Rural 81% 79%
Proportion of households that own a radio
Namibia 65% 71%
Urban 80% 79%
Rural 57% 66%
Average annual per capita income
Namibia 3 031 8 839
Female headed 1 804 6 320
Male headed 3 783 10 570
Proportion of households that are poor or severely poor
Severely poor households 9% 4%
Poor households (incl.
severely poor)
38%
28%
GINI-coeffi cient 0.701 0.604
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 1
1 Background and Overview
1.1 Introduction
This report presents basic salient fi ndings of the NHIES 2003/2004 albeit in limited scope
in some respects. Firstly, the detailed analysis of some important themes such as poverty are
deferred on account of time and specialised skills input requirements.
Secondly, colleted data on income that will permit autonomous or independent determination
of income levels is similarly deferred. As a result, income estimates in this report are derived
as a mirror refl ection of expenditure or consumption - a method universally accepted and
extensively used. It has been generally established with reasonable precision that data
directly collected from respondents on incomes has a tendency to under-estimate income
levels due to under-reporting.
Once analysis on income is carried out, results will be compared to the fi ndings based on
the consumption method and the relationship will be established accordingly in this specifi c
case. It should be stressed that the above mentioned outstanding tasks are too enormous
to be left to the under-resourced CBS alone to accomplish. In fact, thanks to modern
techniques and information technology the Central Bureau of Statistics has anonymised the
current NHIES dataset and other related data sets to enable other players to have access and
to add value to the NHIES data. This practise is assuming prominence internationally.
As mentioned in the Executive Summary, the Namibia Household Income and Expenditure
Survey (NHIES) 2003/2004 was conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics under the
Statistics Act No. 66 of 1976 and as was set out in the Strategic Plan of the Second National
Statistical Plan (NSP2). This is the second such survey that has been conducted in post
independent Namibia, following the fi rst Namibia Household Income and Expenditure
Survey that was conducted in 1993/1994 (NHIES 1993/1994). The purpose of the
Methodological report is to serve as a technical guide to users and researchers on survey
methodology, defi nitions, methods, standards applied, etc.
1.2 Objectives
The main objective of the NHIES 2003/2004 is to describe the living conditions of
Namibians using actual patterns of consumption and income that obtained in Namibia
at the time, as well as a range of other social and economic indicators. This survey was
designed to inform policy making at the national and regional levels within the context of
the Second National Development Plan terminal review, provide benchmark data for the
Third National Development Plan formulation exercise and all these provide objective basis
for the achievement of Vision 2030 and the Millennium Development Goals monitoring and
evaluation.
Other specifi c objectives include: to provide information for poverty indicators and profi les,
to provide data on income distribution and differentials, to constitute a platform in order to
specify a set of basic economic and social welfare indicators to be monitored over time, to
obtain consumption and expenditure patterns and other data for the construction of a revised
basket and weights for consumer price indices, the data will also be used in the National
Accounts compilations, welfare and poverty studies and to cover international reporting.
1 Background and overview
2 Central Bureau of Statistics
1.3 Survey design and implementation
The target population of NHIES 2003/2004 was the private household population of Namibia.
The population living in institutions, such as hospitals, hostels, police barracks and prisons
were not covered in the survey. However, private households residing within institutional
settings were covered.
The sample design for the survey was a stratifi ed two-stage probability sample, where the
fi rst stage units were geographical areas designated as the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs)1
and the second stage units were the households. The fi rst stage units were selected from
the sampling frame of PSUs and the second stage units were selected from a current list of
households within each selected PSU, which was compiled just before the interviews for the
survey.
PSUs were selected using probability proportional to size sampling coupled with the
systematic sampling procedure where the size measure was the number of households within
the PSU in the 2001 Population and Housing Census. The households were selected from
the current list of households using systematic sampling procedure.
The sample size was designed to achieve reliable estimates at the regional level
and for urban and rural areas within each region. The fi nal sample consists of 10
920 households in 546 PSUs. The selected PSUs were randomly allocated to the 13
survey rounds.
Table 1.1
Distribution of sample PSUs and households by region and urban/rural areas
Region
Sample PSUs Sample households Total number
of
households
Sampling
fraction, %Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Caprivi 15 24 39 300 480 780 16 974 4.6
Erongo 26 13 39 520 260 780 27 555 2.8
Hardap 15 24 39 300 480 780 15 147 5.1
Karas 20 19 39 400 380 780 15 655 5.0
Kavango 15 24 39 300 480 780 30 881 2.5
Khomas 52 13 65 1 040 260 1 300 58 590 2.2
Kunene 13 13 26 260 260 520 12 563 4.1
Ohangwena 13 26 39 260 520 780 36 015 2.2
Omaheke 13 13 26 260 260 520 12 548 4.1
Omusati 13 39 52 260 780 1 040 38 518 2.7
Oshana 20 32 52 400 640 1 040 29 647 3.5
Oshikoto 13 39 52 260 780 1 040 28 482 3.7
Otjozondjupa 18 21 39 360 420 780 25 223 3.1
Namibia 246 300 546 4 920 6 000 10 920 347 798 3.1
1.4 Estimation
Population fi gures were estimated by raising sample fi gures using sample weights. Sample
weights were calculated based on probabilities of selection at each stage. First stage weight
was calculated using the sample selection information from the sampling frame and the
second stage weight was based on sample selection information on the listing form. In the
second stage some households out of the selected 20 households in a PSU did not participate
in the survey due to refusals, non-contact or non-completion of interview, etc. The fi nal
sample weight was the product of the fi rst and the second stage weights.
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 3
For detailed estimation procedures and sampling errors refer to Appendix 3 and NHIES
Methodological Report.
1.5 Consultation with stakeholders
Consultations with major stakeholders and data consumers, including Directorate of
Development Planning of National Planning Commission Secretariat (NPCS), Ministries
of Health and Social Welfare, Agriculture, Water and Rural Development, Regional
and Local Government and Housing, Women and Child Welfare and Labour, as well as
organisations/agencies such as SIDA, NEPRU, UNAM, FAO and UNDP, among others,
took place in the form of workshops and meetings at which draft survey questionnaires were
explained, discussed and consensus reached on the information to be collected. However,
not all required information by the stakeholders could be incorporated in the questionnaires.
A major innovation in the survey, which emanated from the consultations, was to collect
weights and heights of household members (except of pregnant females) and quantities and
sources of foods consumed in the household. These results will be published separately.
1.6 Questionnaires, contents and manuals
The main survey instruments for data collection were the survey questionnaires and manuals.
Two questionnaires (Form 1 and Form 2) were developed for data collection in the survey.
Form 1, the household questionnaire collected individual information including age, sex,
education, etc. and household information, such as type of dwelling, assets, and details on
household expenditure and income.
Form 2, the Daily Record Book (DRB), was designed for recording, on a daily basis, all
households transactions during a survey round. Households were instructed to record
transactions, item by item, for all expenditures and receipts, including incomes and gifts
received or given out.
Manuals, which were prepared for the survey staff included the Interviewers Manual,
Listing Manual, Editing and Coding Manual and Supervisors and Field Administration
Manual. The Interviewers Manual, which was the main survey manual, explained survey
objectives, role of the interviewer, how to conduct the survey interview, how to handle
diffi cult situations and survey logistics. It also defi ned and explained key survey concepts
and gave instructions how to complete both Form 1 and Form 2 and how to check the
Forms in the fi eld to ensure that correct data were collected.
Copies of all the Manuals and Questionnaires are included in the Methodological Report
1.7 Pilot survey
A pilot survey was taken in August /September 2002. The aim of the pilot survey was to test
the survey instruments, survey logistics and to fi nd out the acceptability and understanding
of survey questions by the households. The information collected in the Pilot Survey was
evaluated and amendments to the questionnaires and manuals were made.
1.8 Field organization
Field organization of the main survey consisted of fi eld teams operating within a region
under the regional supervisor/assistant regional supervisor. Each team consisted of a team
supervisor and 2 interviewers supported by a listing clerk for household listing. Listing
clerks also undertook editing and coding of the completed questionnaires in the regional
offi ce. Field personnel were recruited from their own areas since they were familiar with the
terrain/locality and to facilitate interviews in local languages.
1 Background and overview
4 Central Bureau of Statistics
1.9 Training
Different training sessions were undertaken for survey staff before their deployment in the
fi eld. The fi rst training was the training of trainers (permanent staff from CBS and line
ministries) who, in turn, trained other fi eld staff. Training of supervisors and listing clerks
was second and lastly the training of interviewers.
1.10 Survey publicity
The fi rst activity in the fi eld was to conduct publicity activities to make the community
aware of the survey and to solicit their cooperation. The media both printed and electronic
were used to inform the community about the survey. Councillors, chiefs, headmen and
business associations played a great role in informing their constituencies through meetings,
radio phone-in programs, etc.
Various publicity approaches were mounted, including posters, stickers, T-shirts, caps, radio
and personal contacts, in order to gain cooperation of the public. An introductory letter,
which explained the objectives of the survey, was also given to selected households before
the interviews.
1.11 Data collection
The NHIES 2003/2004 was conducted under the provisions of the Statistics Act 66 of 1976.
The fi eldwork of the NHIES 2003/2004 started with the deployment of Regional Supervisors,
Assistant Regional Supervisors, Team Supervisors, Listing Clerks and Interviewers in all
thirteen administrative regions of Namibia. There were three major fi eldwork activities:
pilot survey, undertaken in August /September 2002 , the main survey, which was undertaken
from 1 September 2003 to 29 August 2004, comprising of 13 survey rounds, and the Post
Enumeration Survey (PES) undertaken in October 2004. The main objective of the PES was
to serve as a quality check of the main survey.
Logistics for data collection included provision of vehicles, materials, equipment and
supplies to the fi eld staff. About 60 vehicles were acquired for the survey, whereas additional
ones were leased from Government Garage and car rental fi rms. Survey equipment included
digital food portion scales (for measuring weights of food items consumed), jugs, height
metres, measuring boards and bathroom scales.
During the fi eld data collection it was found that some of the householders were not able to
translate the readings from the digital scales and reported grams as kilograms. Furthermore,
there was a signifi cant proportion of breakdown of scales leaving some households without
scales.
Some fraudulent activities were detected during the fi eld data collection in the form of abuse
of vehicles (used for private purposes), stealing of fuel, etc.
1.12 Survey monitoring
Offi cials from the survey head offi ce were in charge of making sure that the survey ran
smoothly with as little disruptions as possible to ensure good quality data from the fi eld.
They were responsible for training fi eld staff as well as giving guidance on pertinent matters
related to the survey.
To ensure quality of the data regular fi eld monitoring visits were undertaken. The visits
helped to discuss problems related to completion of the forms with the fi eld staff and the
respondents and to instruct them on the correct procedures while questionnaires were still
in the regions. Monitoring teams also conducted control interviews in the same households,
which had been covered by the interviewers, in addition to sitting in an interview to observe
how the interviewer conducted the interview.
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 5
1.13 Data processing
The questionnaires received from the regions were registered and counterchecked at the survey
head offi ce. The data processing team consisted of programmers and data typists.
1.13.1 Data capturing
Data capturing process for the NHIES was undertaken in the following ways: Form 1
questionnaires were scanned while the Daily Record Books (DRB or form 2) were manually
entered.
In total, 10 907 questionnaires (Form 1), comprising around 400 questions each, were scanned
and close to one million transactions from the Form 2 (DRBs) were manually captured
1.13.2 Data cleaning
Data cleaning was carried out in two (2) phases:
" Verifi cation: To ensure that the data from questionnaires (Form 1 and Form 3) were
correctly interpreted by the scanner.
" Consistency Checks: Various variables from different parts of the questionnaires
were compared and checked for consistency.
To facilitate the data cleaning process a large number of scripts were developed for retrieval of
scanning errors and inconsistencies in Form 1. Error lists were produced for verifi cation and
corrections. The corrections and/or data updates were done using the dbEdit application.
The DRB application was used for corrections of the DRBs transactions.
In parallel with scripts for manual update, other scripts for automatic updates were developed
to update data directly in the databases without the need to print out an error list.
All these applications, such as TranScan, DBEdit, and DRB were in-house developed.
The main part of the data cleaning was carried out from January to December 2005. During
the work with the preliminary report and the tabulations for the main report some more errors
and inconsistencies were found and corrected. The fi nal database for retrieval of results was
established at the end of June 2006.
1.13.3 Database design and contents
After the data were verifi ed and cleaned in the production database (NHIES), a database
for tabulation and analysis was designed (NHIESOutput). It was especially adapted to
retrieval of data from various statistical software packages. A large number of SQL scripts
were developed to transfer data from NHIES to NHIESOutput. Value codes and labels were
unifi ed and adapted for tabulation, household members and responding households were
defi ned, imputations were implemented where applicable, data covering other periods than
a year were annualised, derived variables were calculated, the Classifi cation of Individual
Consumption by Purpose (COICOP), used for the daily household transactions, was updated,
consumption and non-consumption and income were defi ned. Finally, the sample weights
were calculated based on responding households and added to the database.
The output database covers all data recorded and captured. Data not presented in reports
published from NHIES 2003/2004 can be retrieved from the database on request.
1.13.4 Tabulation
For easy tabulation and presentation of data, a SuperCross database was created from the
output database in SQL. SuperChannel was used to build the database. SuperCross and
SuperChannel are part of a software package called SuperStar. All tables were produced in
SuperCross, well known for being fast, accurate and user friendly. The sample weights were
included in SuperCross and applied automatically when appropriate.
From SuperCross the tables were saved in Excel and customized. From Excel they were
compiled to the report.
1 Background and overview
6 Central Bureau of Statistics
All tables in the main report are stored as SuperCross tables, as Excel tables and as a Word
document together with other parts of the main report.
1.14 Defi nitions
Defi nitions of some basic concepts and/or indicators used in the report, are given below. Other
defi nitions are given in each respective chapter.
Urban area
Urban areas were defi ned as all proclaimed municipalities and towns in Namibia at the time
of the survey.
Household
A household is a person or group of persons, related or unrelated, who live together in the same
homestead/compound, but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit. They have a common
catering arrangement and are answerable to the same head.
Household member
Every week of the four weeks period of a survey round all persons in the household were asked
if they spent at least 4 nights of the week in the household.
Any person who spent at least 4 nights in the household was taken as having spent the whole
week in the household. To qualify as a household member a person must have stayed in the
household for at least two weeks out of four weeks. Only household members are included in
the population fi gures.
Responding household
A few households refused to take part in the survey and some other households were absent
during the survey round (refusals and non-contacts respectively). These households are
part of the non-response together with households from which the questionnaires were
incomplete. To qualify as a responding household a household must have at least one
household member (see above), recorded transactions in the DRB for at least 2 of the 4
weeks period of a survey round and at least some expenditures recorded in Form 1. Only
responding households are included in the results from the survey.
Head of household
The head of household is a person of either sex who is looked upon by other members of the
household as their leader or main decision maker.
Household composition
The composition is based on household members relation to head of household. The
households have been classifi ed into fi ve groups:
With head or head and spouse only (1)
With 1 child (2) no relatives
With 2+ children (3) no relatives
With relatives (4)
With non-relatives (5)
Categories of household composition
In the NHIES fi ve main categories are used to describe the composition of households:
1 Only a head or a head and spouse in household, no children, relatives
or non-relatives
2 Persons under 1 + 1 child in household
3 Persons under 1 + more than 1 child in household
4 Persons under 1 or 2 or 3 plus relatives in household
5 Persons under 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 plus non-relatives in household
Children mean children in relation to head of household (son/daughter/stepchild/adopted
child).
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 7
Orphan hood
An orphan is defi ned as a child aged 0-17 years with one parent or no parents alive.
Households with orphans have at least 1 orphan living in the household. Households without
orphans have no orphans living in the household.
Main source of income
Main source of income is based on the answer given by the households to the question in Form
1 What is the main source of income for this household? The response is the households
own perception at the time of interview of which source of income contributes most to the
household.
Primary sampling unit
A primary sampling unit (PSU) is a geographical area, which was formed on the basis of the
population in enumeration areas (EAs) as reported in the 2001 Population and Housing Census
of Namibia.
Survey round
A survey round was a period of four weeks, during which each interviewer was expected to
complete Form 1 and administer Daily Record Books for 20 households selected from each
sample PSU.
COICOP
This is the acronym for Classifi cation of Individual Consumption by Purpose. It is an
international standard classifi cation of individual consumption expenditures, which is also
used by Price Statistics for collection of price data for construction of price indices.
Transaction
A transaction includes all payments made, gifts given out and all payments and gifts received
by the household. Receipts are treated as incomes and payments or receipts made or gifts
given as expenditures. Transactions also included consumption of/or gifts given out from own
production or from nature.
A transaction can either be in cash or in kind. Cash transactions include payments either cash
or cheque or through a bank transfer. In kind transaction is where no cash or cheque or bank
transfer is involved. Barter and consumption of own produce is also considered as in kind
transactions.
Amount
All amounts in this report are in current prices at the time of data collection.
Consumption
Consumption in this report is composed of annualised daily transactions from the daily
record book (DRB) and annual expenditures from the Form 1. The part from the DRB covers
mainly frequent transactions. All consumption of food and beverages are from the DRB. The
part from Form 1 includes mainly infrequent expenditures, which have a better coverage
in Form 1 than in the DRB. Expenditures from Form1 are cash except for imputed rent
(estimated value of rent for free occupied or owned dwelling units), which is included in
consumption in kind.
Non-consumption
Non-consumption in this report is composed of annualised daily transactions from the daily
record book (DRB) and annual expenditures from the Form 1. Expenditure such as fi nes,
gifts given away, etc. have been included in this category.
1 Background and overview
8 Central Bureau of Statistics
1.15 Coverage and response rate
1.15.1 Primary sampling units
All 546 sampled PSUs were covered. The following facts about the PSU coverage should be
noted.
In Ohangwena region it was not possible to interview one PSU because of administrative
boundary problem. This problem could not be solved in time hence a substitute PSU was
randomly selected
In Caprivi region random allocation of some of the PSUs to the survey rounds had to be
changed because of the fl ood situation in that area. They were covered later when the fl oods
subsided.
In Karas region interviewing started two weeks later for one PSU because of a delay in
getting the permit requirements to enter the area under NamDebs jurisdiction.
One PSU in Erongo region only seven (7) households were listed. Investigations revealed
that other households had emigrated. All 7 households were interviewed for the survey.
1.15.2 Household response rate
Total number of responding households and non-responding households and the reason for
non-response are shown below. Non-contacts and incomplete forms, which were rejected
due to a lot of missing data in the questionnaire, at 4.4% and 4,3%, respectively, formed the
largest part of non-response.
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 9
At the regional level Erongo, Hardap, and Karas reported the lowest response rate and Oshana
and Oshikoto the highest.
Table 1.2
Household response rates
Response category Number/rate
Selected and responding households
Expected number of households in the sample 10 920
Shortfall of households in Erongo 13
Actual number of households in the sample 10 907
Number of responding households 9 801
Response rates
Response rate 90%
Non-response rate 10%
Of which: refusals 1.0%
non-contacts 4.4%
incomplete data 4.3%
other reason for non-response 0.4%
Table 1.3
Household response rates by region
Region Refusals Non- Incomplete Other Responding All
contacts data reason households households
Caprivi 0.8 2.7 2.4 0.4 93.7 780
Erongo 3.8 6.5 17.3 1.2 71.1 767
Hardap 1.5 7.3 8.3 0.6 82.2 780
Karas 0.8 6.0 9.4 0.6 83.1 780
Kavango 0.3 5.5 2.1 0.6 91.5 780
Khomas 1.9 5.4 3.2 0.3 89.2 1 300
Kunene 0.2 5.2 2.7 0.0 91.9 520
Ohangwena 0.1 4.4 2.6 0.0 92.9 780
Omaheke 0.2 2.3 2.3 0.0 95.2 520
Omusati 0.7 3.4 2.5 0.7 92.8 1 040
Oshana 0.6 1.5 1.1 0.2 96.6 1 040
Oshikoto 0.1 3.0 1.0 0.0 96.0 1 040
Otjozondjupa 0.9 4.6 4.2 0.4 89.9 780
Namibia 1.0 4.4 4.3 0.4 89.9 10 907
1 Background and overview
10 Central Bureau of Statistics
1.16 Quality
1.16.1 Comparison with the post enumeration survey
In NHIES 2003/2004 a post enumeration survey (PES) was conducted after the main survey
in October 2004. The purpose was to evaluate the quality of the main survey. The results
from the main survey have been compared to the results from the PES.
Part 1.12 above detailed efforts, which were put in place to ensure, that reliable data were
collected during fi eld data collection. In order to evaluate the survey, in terms of coverage
and quality, the PES or Survey Round 14 was conducted using headquarter staff as regional
supervisors, and the best of team supervisors and interviewers. The same survey questionnaires
used in the main survey were also used in the PES to allow for comparisons.
A selection was made of PSUs for each region from the PSUs covered in rounds 1 to 7 of the
main survey. The interviewers were instructed to interview the same households in the PES
as those interviewed in the main survey. There were cases where not all households, which
were interviewed in the main survey, could be interviewed in the PES. Reasons given for the
non-response were deaths (mainly of single person households) and households which had
moved away. In case of split households the remaining part still in the PSU was interviewed.
Care was exercised to avoid interviewing new households occupying same premises as the
households previously interviewed.
The results of the PES were compared to the main survey, household by household.
Three tests were conducted. In the case of Form 1 comparison was made of total annual
expenditure of major consumption items. The results shown in Table 1.4 show a very close
agreement between total expenditures derived from the main survey and the PES. An exact
agreement would have given a ratio of 1.0 in the last column.
Table 1.4
Comparison between main survey and PES of total expenditure by main expenditure
items
Expenditure item Main Survey PES PES/Main Survey
Actual rent 247 068 278 556 1.1
Imputed rent 3 258 360 2 936 076 0.9
Clothing and footwear 1 761 751 1 586 494 0.9
Health 471 224 399 308 0.8
Transport 3 316 710 3 681 559 1.1
Communication 714 045 748 781 1.0
Two tests were carried out using the DRB data. First, comparison was made between the
total numbers of transactions of major consumption expenditure items, mainly food. Second,
comparison was made of the reported expenditure of these items. The results, shown in
Table 1.5, also show a close agreement between the number of transactions and total
expenditures collected in the main survey versus the PES. Only fi rewood showed signifi cant
differences.
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 11
Table 1.5
Comparison between main survey and PES of the number of transactions and their
expenditures
Item Transaction Expenditure
Main
survey
PES PES/Main
Survey
Main
survey
PES PES/Main
Survey
Food 45 799 46 761 1.0 7 169 405 6 433 207 0.9
Mahangu, total 4 558 5 550 1.2 806 416 876 031 1.1
In kind 4 302 5 387 1.3 720 548 817 838 1.1
Cash 256 163 0.6 86 868 58 193 0.7
Maize meal 1 702 1 314 0.8 675 012 508 159 0.8
Bread 3 909 4 038 1.0 292 199 295 026 1.0
Rice 762 622 0.8 122 840 95 743 0.8
Beef 1 607 1 514 0.9 490 209 510 201 1.0
Chicken 799 668 0.8 260 894 201 651 0.8
Fresh Milk 1 910 1 612 0.8 444 062 248 784 0.6
Beer/ales/cider 612 597 1.0 147 648 150 839 1.0
Local home made
brew
875 1586 1.6 67 906 63 340 0.9
Firewood 2 484 7 281 2.9 244 479 684 589 2.8
1.16.2 Comparison with Census 2001
Comparison between this survey and the 2001 Namibia Population and Housing Census
shows some small variations in population numbers owing to differences in applied methods
of data collection in both surveys. The census counted population and households referring to
a specifi c reference night while the NHIES 2003/2004 used a moving reference period. Any
person who spent at least 4 nights in the household in any week of the four week period of
the survey round was taken as having spent the whole week in the household. To qualify as a
household member a person would have stayed in the household for at least two weeks out of
four weeks.
Also, most of the population statistics published from the Census comprise the whole
population of Namibia, that is both household and institutional populations, whereas only
private household population is included in the NHIES.
Another reason for variations between the survey and census is that the NHIES is a sample
survey subject to sampling errors whereas the Census is a total count.
1.16.3 Comparison with NHIES 1993/1994
Surveys conducted with 10 years intervals are not completely comparable. Methodology
changes over time and improvements are introduced based on experiences from previous
surveys to present more reliable results. In the following analysis some main differences are
clarifi ed to facilitate interpretation of results from NHIES 2003/2004.
The main differences between this survey and the previous survey conducted 1993/1994, are
the following:
" The sample comprises more than double as many households (10 920 households
2003/2004 compared to 4 752 households 1993/1994) and gives more accurate
estimates. It also allows for a more detailed break down of results to urban/rural areas
at regional levels.
1 Background and overview
12 Central Bureau of Statistics
" Experiences from NHIES 1993/1994 have been used to improve NHIES 2003/2004
as for methodology and coverage. Especially when it comes to reported consumption
and income a special effort has been made to improve estimation methods and a larger
number of annual expenditures have been collected in 2003/2004.
" To qualify as a household member a person would have stayed in the household at
least two weeks of a four weeks period. In 1993/1994 a person qualifi ed as a household
member having stayed at least one week of a four weeks period.
" Modern technology has been used for data processing and data cleaning.
The effects of changed methodologies and better coverage are diffi cult to separate from actual
development when the two surveys are compared. Therefore, as a general rule the reader is
urged to treat observed changes over time between the two surveys as more indicative of
direction rather than as precise estimates.
1.17 The structure of the report
The report is structured in chapters and thematic sections. Appendices are included in the last
chapter. Some basic demographic and economic indicators are used throughout the report to
illustrate living conditions for groups of households in Namibia. Some of these indicators are
defi ned in this chapter, see section 1.14. Indicators for a specifi c theme is described in the
chapters where they occur.
In general, data not stated (partial non-response) is omitted in the tables because the number
is small and it does not affect the analysis of the results. This means that fi gures and percentages
will not always sum up to the totals presented in the tables. Normally data not stated is built up
by households having not given answer to a specifi c question in the survey.
Detailed tables are included in appendix 1 and 2 to this report. Some variables are grouped.
The sub groups that build up the groups are specifi ed in appendix 5.
1 Background and overview
Central Bureau of Statistics 13
Administrative regions of Namibia
Kunene
Erongo
Otjozondjupa
Omaheke
Hardap
Khomas
Karas
Caprivi
Kavango
Ohangwena
Omusati
Oshana
Oshikoto
Estimated number of
households
Caprivi 18 607
Erongo 27 713
Hardap 16 365
Karas 15 570
Kavango 32 354
Khomas 64 918
Kunene 13 365
Ohangwena 37 854
Omaheke 13 347
Omusati 39 248
Oshana 31 759
Oshikoto 31 871
Otjozondjupa 28 707
Namibia 371 678
Urban 150 533
Rural 221 145
1 Background and overview
14 Central Bureau of Statistics
2 Demographic characteristics
Central Bureau of Statistics 15
2 Demographic characteristics
The NHIES has collected data on demographic characteristics of the household population
such as age at last birthday, sex, relationship to head of household, marital status, survivorship
of parents and citizenship. In this chapter these variables are used to describe the demographic
profi le of Namibian households. Moreover, throughout this report the demographic variables
are used to disaggregate survey results, for example on levels of income and consumption,
access to services and ownership of assets. Disaggregating is important because it means
going beyond the averages to look at how the survey results differ between various groups of
households, i.e. between male and female headed households, urban and rural households and
different language groups.
2.1 Households and population
There were an estimated 1 830 000 people in Namibia during the time of the survey and an
estimated 371 678 households (Table 2.1). A total of 65 per cent of the population and close
to 60 per cent of the households lived in the rural areas, whereas 35 per cent of the population
and just under 41 per cent of the households lived in the urban areas. Khomas is the home
of 14 per cent of the total population and thus the countrys most populated region. It is also
home to the largest share of households, 18 per cent in all. Ohangwena Omusati, Oshikoto and
Oshana regions are home to 44 per cent of the total population. With 3 per cent, Omaheke has
the lowest share of the total population.
60 per cent of the population and 52 per cent of the households live in the northern regions
(Caprivi, Kavango, Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana and Oshikoto).
The average household size in Namibia is 4.9 persons. On average rural households are larger
than urban households, 5.4 compared to 4.2 persons per household. Erongo has the lowest
average household size of 3.6 persons. Kavango, Ohangwena and Omusati have the highest
household sizes of 6.4, 6.3 and 5.7, respectively.
The national average household size has decreased from 5.7 persons since the previous survey
in 1993/94 (Figure 2.1). The decline has been particularly marked in rural areas.
2 Demographic characteristics
16 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 2.1
Households and population by region and urban/rural areas
Region Households Population Average
household
size Number % Number %
Caprivi 18 607 5.0 86 437 4.7 4.6
Erongo 27 713 7.5 99 013 5.4 3.6
Hardap 16 365 4.4 68 194 3.7 4.2
Karas 15 570 4.2 62 465 3.4 4.0
Kavango 32 354 8.7 208 441 11.4 6.4
Khomas 64 918 17.5 258 504 14.1 4.0
Kunene 13 365 3.6 61 647 3.4 4.6
Ohangwena 37 854 10.2 236 748 12.9 6.3
Omaheke 13 347 3.6 56 037 3.1 4.2
Omusati 39 248 10.6 225 405 12.3 5.7
Oshana 31 759 8.5 170 190 9.3 5.4
Oshikoto 31 871 8.6 172 636 9.4 5.4
Otjozondjupa 28 707 7.7 124 283 6.8 4.3
Namibia 371 678 100 1 830 000 100 4.9
Urban 150 533 40.5 634 322 34.7 4.2
Rural 221 145 59.5 1 195 677 65.3 5.4
Figure 2.1
Average household size by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-2003/2004
2.2 Population by age and sex
At the time of the survey there were an estimated 1 562 people in Namibia aged 95 years and
over, and 238 922 were under 5 years (Table 2.2.1). More than half, 51 per cent, of Namibians
were under the age of 20 compared to 12 per cent over 50 years. The sex ratio indicates that
there are more females than males in the Namibian population. The ratio for Namibia is 91,
which means that there are 91 males for every 100 females. The sex ratio is generally lower in
the older age groups, an indication that survivorship of females is higher than that of males. In
other words, life expectancy for males is lower.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Namibia Urban Rural
1993/94
2003/04
2 Demographic characteristics
Central Bureau of Statistics 17
Table 2.2.1
Population by sex and age group
Age group Female Male Both sexes Sex ratio
Number % Number % Number %
00-04 119 666 12.5 119 255 13.7 238 922 13.1 99.7
05-09 124 203 13.0 122 392 14.0 246 596 13.5 98.5
10-14 122 391 12.8 121 994 14.0 244 385 13.4 99.7
15-19 107 285 11.2 97 722 11.2 205 006 11.2 91.1
20-24 92 099 9.6 83 565 9.6 175 664 9.6 90.7
25-29 78 752 8.2 67 859 7.8 146 611 8.0 86.2
30-34 62 448 6.5 58 027 6.7 120 475 6.6 92.9
35-39 53 741 5.6 44 585 5.1 98 326 5.4 83.0
40-44 46 396 4.8 33 381 3.8 79 777 4.4 71.9
45-49 32 526 3.4 26 742 3.1 59 268 3.2 82.2
50-54 27 978 2.9 23 039 2.6 51 018 2.8 82.3
55-59 18 797 2.0 17 879 2.1 36 676 2.0 95.1
60-64 19 383 2.0 15 715 1.8 35 098 1.9 81.1
65-69 15 022 1.6 11 204 1.3 26 226 1.4 74.6
70-74 11 623 1.2 10 048 1.2 21 671 1.2 86.5
75-79 9 097 0.9 7 049 0.8 16 146 0.9 77.5
80-84 8 865 0.9 4 675 0.5 13 540 0.7 52.7
85-89 4 534 0.5 3 158 0.4 7 692 0.4 69.7
90-94 1 850 0.2 731 0.1 2 581 0.1 39.5
95+ 977 0.1 585 0.1 1 562 0.1 59.9
Not stated 1 031 0.1 1 730 0.2 2 761 0.2 -
Total 958 664 100 871 336 100 1 830 000 100 90.9
The population in rural areas is generally younger than the population in urban areas (Table
2.2.2 and Table 2.2.3). In rural areas, 56 per cent of the population is under 20 years of age
compared to 42 per cent in urban areas. Rural areas also have a larger share of persons aged 75
years or older, 3 per cent for rural areas and less than 1 per cent for urban areas. On the other
hand, urban areas have a larger population in the working ages 15-59 years than rural areas, 65
and 47 per cent, respectively. In urban areas there are considerably more males than females
in age groups ranging from 45-59 years, which is a refl ection of the migration of job-seeking
males to the urban areas.
2 Demographic characteristics
18 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 2.2.2
Population in urban areas by sex and age group
Age group Female Male Both sexes Sex ratio
Number % Number % Number %
00-04 33 669 10.2 33 631 11.1 67 300 10.6 99.9
05-09 35 086 10.6 31 208 10.3 66 293 10.5 88.9
10-14 35 669 10.8 32 947 10.8 68 616 10.8 92.4
15-19 35 297 10.7 27 759 9.1 63 056 9.9 78.6
20-24 39 895 12.1 34 826 11.5 74 720 11.8 87.3
25-29 39 499 12.0 33 876 11.1 73 375 11.6 85.8
30-34 30 421 9.2 29 483 9.7 59 905 9.4 96.9
35-39 25 714 7.8 23 124 7.6 48 839 7.7 89.9
40-44 17 912 5.4 17 361 5.7 35 273 5.6 96.9
45-49 12 539 3.8 13 712 4.5 26 252 4.1 109.4
50-54 9 222 2.8 10 497 3.5 19 719 3.1 113.8
55-59 5 026 1.5 5 761 1.9 10 786 1.7 114.6
60-64 3 765 1.1 3 877 1.3 7 642 1.2 103.0
65-69 2 569 0.8 2 557 0.8 5 126 0.8 99.6
70-74 1 392 0.4 1 373 0.5 2 765 0.4 98.7
75-79 858 0.3 926 0.3 1 784 0.3 107.8
80-84 737 0.2 317 0.1 1 055 0.2 43.0
85-89 313 0.1 223 0.1 537 0.1 71.3
90-94 161 0.0 62 0.0 223 0.0 38.7
95+ 109 0.0 64 0.0 174 0.0 58.7
Not stated 405 0.1 478 0.2 883 0.1 -
All ages 330 258 100 304 065 100 634 322 100 92.1
2 Demographic characteristics
Central Bureau of Statistics 19
Table 2.2.3
Population in rural areas by sex and age group
Age group Female Male Both sexes Sex ratio
Number % Number % Number %
00-04 85 998 13.7 85 624 15.1 171 622 14.4 99.6
05-09 89 117 14.2 91 185 16.1 180 302 15.1 102.3
10-14 86 722 13.8 89 047 15.7 175 770 14.7 102.7
15-19 71 988 11.5 69 962 12.3 141 950 11.9 97.2
20-24 52 204 8.3 48 739 8.6 100 944 8.4 93.4
25-29 39 254 6.2 33 983 6.0 73 237 6.1 86.6
30-34 32 027 5.1 28 543 5.0 60 570 5.1 89.1
35-39 28 026 4.5 21 461 3.8 49 487 4.1 76.6
40-44 28 485 4.5 16 020 2.8 44 504 3.7 56.2
45-49 19 986 3.2 13 030 2.3 33 016 2.8 65.2
50-54 18 757 3.0 12 542 2.2 31 299 2.6 66.9
55-59 13 771 2.2 12 118 2.1 25 889 2.2 88.0
60-64 15 618 2.5 11 838 2.1 27 456 2.3 75.8
65-69 12 453 2.0 8 647 1.5 21 100 1.8 69.4
70-74 10 231 1.6 8 675 1.5 18 906 1.6 84.8
75-79 8 239 1.3 6 123 1.1 14 362 1.2 74.3
80-84 8 128 1.3 4 358 0.8 12 485 1.0 53.6
85-89 4 220 0.7 2 935 0.5 7 155 0.6 69.5
90-94 1 689 0.3 669 0.1 2 358 0.2 39.6
95+ 867 0.1 521 0.1 1 388 0.1 60.1
Not stated 627 0.1 1 251 0.2 1 878 0.2 -
All ages 628 406 100 567 271 100 1 195 677 100 90.3
An estimated 98 per cent of the total population are Namibian citizens (Table 2.2.4). Less than
2 per cent of the population, have other citizenship, among them Angolan, Zambian and South
African.
Table 2.2.4
Population by sex and citizenship
Citizenship Female Male Both sexes
Number % Number % Number %
Namibia 946 112 98.7 854 271 98.0 1 800 383 98.4
Angola 4 123 0.4 5 426 0.6 9 549 0.5
Botswana 109 0.0 109 0.0 217 0.0
South Africa 2 305 0.2 2 127 0.2 4 432 0.2
Zambia 1 649 0.2 3 337 0.4 4 986 0.3
Zimbabwe 747 0.1 1 734 0.2 2 481 0.1
Other SADC 662 0.1 590 0.1 1 252 0.1
Other Africa countries 264 0.0 733 0.1 997 0.1
All other countries 2 425 0.3 2 896 0.3 5 321 0.3
Not stated 269 0.0 112 0.0 381 0.0
Total 958 664 100 871 336 100 1 830 000 100
2 Demographic characteristics
20 Central Bureau of Statistics
2.3 Households
In Namibia 59 per cent of households are headed by males and 41 per cent by females. In the
survey the head of household is a person of either sex who is looked upon by other members
of the household as their leader or main decision maker. A larger proportion of households
in urban areas are headed by males, 62 per cent compared to 38 per cent headed by females.
Ohangwena and Oshana are the only regions where more than half of the households are
headed by females. Omaheke, Karas and Hardap have the highest percentage of male headed
households with 72, 71 and 70 per cent, respectively.
Table 2.3.1
Households by sex of head of household, region and urban/rural areas
Region
Female Male Both sexes
Number % Number % Number %
Caprivi 9 281 49.9 9 311 50.0 18 607 100
Erongo 8 993 32.5 18 720 67.5 27 713 100
Hardap 4 927 30.1 11 438 69.9 16 365 100
Karas 4 504 28.9 11 066 71.1 15 570 100
Kavango 10 852 33.5 21 420 66.2 32 354 100
Khomas 21 932 33.8 42 986 66.2 64 918 100
Kunene 6 133 45.9 7 231 54.1 13 365 100
Ohangwena 19 930 52.6 17 857 47.2 37 854 100
Omaheke 3 661 27.4 9 646 72.3 13 347 100
Omusati 19 448 49.6 19 093 48.6 39 248 100
Oshana 15 956 50.2 15 683 49.4 31 759 100
Oshikoto 15 382 48.3 16 036 50.3 31 871 100
Otjozondjupa 9 453 32.9 19 221 67.0 28 707 100
Namibia 150 451 40.5 219 709 59.1 371 678 100
Urban 56 671 37.6 93 803 62.3 150 533 100
Rural 93 781 42.4 125 905 56.9 221 145 100
In the NHIES, households were asked which language is mainly spoken in the household.
The results show that 49 per cent of households, representing 52 per cent of the population,
use Oshiwambo as the main language spoken (Table 2.3.2). Nama/Damara, Afrikaans and
Rukavango are spoken in 9-11 per cent of the households. Smaller proportions of households
use other Namibian languages. Households where Rukavango or Khoisan is mainly spoken
have a larger average size with 6.2 and 5.6 persons per household. In households where the
main language spoken is German the average size is only 2.5 persons.
Households, where the main language spoken is Oshiwambo, have increased from 44 per
cent in 1993/1994 to 49 per cent in this survey (Figure 2.3). Households where the main
language spoken is Nama/Damara, Afrikaans and German have declined since 1993/1994.
2 Demographic characteristics
Central Bureau of Statistics 21
Table 2.3.2
Households and population by main language spoken in the household
Main
Language
Households Population Average
household
sizeNumber % Number %
Khoisan 4 967 1.3 28 039 1.5 5.6
Caprivi languages 19 664 5.3 90 053 4.9 4.6
Otjiherero 32 686 8.8 148 990 8.1 4.6
Rukavango 34 748 9.3 215 082 11.8 6.2
Nama/Damara 42 484 11.4 192 281 10.5 4.5
Oshiwambo 181 395 48.8 950 381 51.9 5.2
Setswana 1 479 0.4 5 668 0.3 3.8
Afrikaans 39 374 10.6 149 196 8.2 3.8
German 4 005 1.1 9 993 0.5 2.5
English 6 889 1.9 22 969 1.3 3.3
Other European 1 768 0.5 7 580 0.4 4.3
Other African 627 0.2 2 043 0.1 3.3
Other 138 0.0 472 0.0 3.4
Not stated 1 452 0.4 7 252 0.4 5.0
Total 371 678 100 1 830 000 100 4.9
Figure 2.3.2
Households by main language spoken in the household, 1993/1994-2003/2004
In 48 per cent of the Namibian households the head of the household lives with relatives
(Table 2.3.3). In 18 per cent of households the head lives alone or with a spouse and with 2
or more children, but no other relatives. In 16 per cent of households the head lives alone or
with a spouse but no other persons in the household.
In rural areas, 53 per cent of households live with relatives compared to 41 per cent in urban
areas. On the other hand, in urban areas the head lives alone or with just a spouse in 21 per
cent of the households compared to 14 per cent in rural areas. It is estimated that 23 per
cent of households have one or more orphans living in the household (an orphan is defi ned
as a person 0-17 years old who has lost one or both parents). The proportion of households
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Khoisan
Caprivi languages
Otjiherero
Rukavango
Nama/Damara
Oshiwambo
Setswana
Afrikaans
German
English
2003/04
1993/94
2 Demographic characteristics
22 Central Bureau of Statistics
with orphans is more than double in rural areas compared to urban areas, 13 and 30 per cent,
respectively.
It should be noted that it is not possible to estimate the total number of orphans using the NHIES
because the survey only included private households and not institutions such as orphanages,
hospitals and prisons. The 2001 Household and Population Census, which included such
institutions, estimated close to 88 000 orphans nation-wide.
Table 2.3.3
Households by urban/rural areas, household composition and orphan hood
Household composition Urban Rural Namibia
Orphanhood Number % Number % Number %
With head or head & spouse only 30 895 20.5 30 180 13.6 61 075 16.4
With 1 child no relatives 14 838 9.9 13 780 6.2 28 617 7.7
With 2+ children no relatives 27 802 18.5 39 397 17.8 67 199 18.1
With relatives 61 281 40.7 116 943 52.9 178 223 48.0
With non-relatives 15 716 10.4 20 847 9.4 36 564 9.8
Total 150 533 100 221 145 100 371 678 100
Orphan hood
Households without orphans 130 725 86.8 154 575 69.9 285 300 76.8
Households with orphans 19 807 13.2 66 571 30.1 86 378 23.2
In the survey 77 per cent of households have no orphans. In 15 per cent of the households,
25 per cent or less of all household members are orphaned (Table 2.3.4). In 7 per cent of
households between 26 and 50 per cent of household members are orphaned and in 1 per cent
of households more than half the members are orphaned. The regions of Kavango and Caprivi
have the highest share of households with 26 per cent or more of all household members
orphaned.
Table 2.3.4
Households by percentage of orphans in the household,
region and urban/rural areas
Region Percentage of orphans
Total number of
households0 1-25 26-50 >50 Total
Per cent of households
Caprivi 69.8 15.0 11.5 3.7 100 18 607
Erongo 91.7 4.8 3.2 0.4 100 27 713
Hardap 86.0 8.9 4.2 0.9 100 16 365
Karas 88.8 7.8 3.0 0.3 100 15 570
Kavango 66.4 18.1 12.2 3.2 100 32 354
Khomas 89.8 6.4 3.4 0.5 100 64 918
Kunene 86.3 8.6 4.1 1.1 100 13 365
Ohangwena 60.1 26.7 11.0 2.2 100 37 854
Omaheke 86.5 9.4 3.6 0.5 100 13 347
Omusati 64.5 22.3 11.2 2.0 100 39 248
Oshana 66.6 20.5 10.9 2.0 100 31 759
Oshikoto 66.2 23.8 8.5 1.4 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 89.9 6.6 3.1 0.4 100 28 707
Namibia 76.8 14.5 7.3 1.4 100 371 678
Urban 86.8 8.0 4.4 0.7 100 150 533
Rural 69.9 19.0 9.2 1.9 100 221 145
2 Demographic characteristics
Central Bureau of Statistics 23
It is estimated that 68 per cent of female headed households have no orphans in the
household compared to 83 per cent of male headed households (Table 2.3.5). More than
half the members of the household are orphaned in 3 per cent of female headed households
compared to less than 1 per cent in male headed households. This difference is also
pronounced when comparing urban and rural areas.
Table 2.3.5
Households by percentage of orphans, urban/rural areas
and sex of head of household
Urban/rural Percentage of orphans
Total number of
householdsSex of head 0 1-25 26-50 >50 Total
Per cent of households
Urban
Female 79.8 9.9 8.6 1.7 100 56 671
Male 91.1 6.9 1.8 0.2 100 93 803
Total 86.8 8.0 4.4 0.7 100 150 533
Rural
Female 60.3 21.7 14.5 3.5 100 93 781
Male 76.8 17.1 5.4 0.7 100 125 905
Total 69.9 19.0 9.2 1.9 100 221 145
Namibia
Female 67.7 17.3 12.3 2.8 100 150 451
Male 82.9 12.7 3.9 0.5 100 219 709
Total 76.8 14.5 7.3 1.4 100 371 678
2 Demographic characteristics
24 Central Bureau of Statistics
3 Education
Central Bureau of Statistics 25
3 Education
This chapter describes the results from the NHIES on levels of education in the households.
Households were asked to report on ability to read and write, school attendance and highest
level of educational attainment for all persons six years and above. Those who answered
that they had never been to school are included in the group No formal education. Tertiary
education includes university, post standard 10/grade 12 education and teacher training. The
results show that the vast majority of the Namibian population are literate and have attended
school. The results reveal an evolution in the availability of educational services with larger
shares of younger age groups found to be literate and have some kind of formal schooling
compared to older age groups. While sex differences are small the regional differences are
signifi cant, and the rural areas are lagging behind the urban areas when it comes to literacy,
school attendance and educational attainment.
3.1 Literacy
In the survey literate persons are defi ned as those who answered yes to the question if
they could read and write with understanding in any language. According to this defi nition,
83 per cent of the population 15 years and above are classifi ed as literate, and 17 per cent
are not literate (Table 3.1.1). The difference between males and females at national level is
insignifi cant. However, there are large differences in literacy levels between the regions.
In Khomas and Erongo, 96 and 95 per cent, respectively of the population is literate. In
Omaheke and Kunene the percentages are 63 and 66, respectively. In the regions of Kavango,
Caprivi and Kunene the literacy of males is higher than that of females, while in Oshikoto
the percentage of literate females is higher than that of literate males.
Table 3.1.1
Population aged 15+ by sex, literacy, region and urban/rural areas
Region Literacy %
Female Male Both sexes
Lite- Not Lite- Not Lite- Not
rate literate Total rate literate Total rate literate Total Population
Caprivi 75.9 24.1 100 83.8 16.2 100 79.5 20.5 100 52 015
Erongo 95.5 4.5 100 94.6 5.0 100 95.0 4.8 100 70 032
Hardap 81.8 18.1 100 81.1 18.7 100 81.4 18.4 100 42 821
Karas 90.9 8.9 100 91.7 8.2 100 91.3 8.6 100 41 622
Kavango 69.9 30.1 100 82.7 17.3 100 75.6 24.4 100 113 985
Khomas 96.2 3.8 100 95.1 4.8 100 95.7 4.3 100 186 547
Kunene 63.7 36.3 100 68.7 31.3 100 66.0 34.0 100 35 405
Ohangwena 76.1 23.9 100 76.7 23.2 100 76.4 23.6 100 123 425
Omaheke 64.0 36.0 100 62.7 37.1 100 63.3 36.6 100 34 627
Omusati 82.4 17.5 100 81.8 18.2 100 82.1 17.8 100 123 809
Oshana 89.3 10.7 100 89.3 10.7 100 89.3 10.7 100 100 992
Oshikoto 84.4 15.6 100 79.8 20.2 100 82.5 17.5 100 96 599
Otjozondjupa 74.4 25.4 100 74.6 25.4 100 74.5 25.4 100 75 457
Namibia 82.4 17.5 100 84.0 15.9 100 83.2 16.8 100 1 097 336
Urban 93.4 6.6 100 94.2 5.8 100 93.8 6.2 100 431 231
Rural 75.7 24.3 100 77.1 22.8 100 76.3 23.6 100 666 105
The NHIES results reveal that 93 per cent of the population aged 15-24 is literate (Table
3 Education
26 Central Bureau of Statistics
3.1.2), which is higher than for the population as a whole. In this age group literacy is slightly
higher for females than for males. Literacy rates are highest in Khomas and Erongo (98%). In
Omaheke, Kunene and Otjozondjupa, 24, 18 and 14 per cent, respectively of the population
15-24 years are not literate.
Table 3.1.2
Population aged 15-24 by sex, literacy, region and urban/rural areas
Region Literacy %
Female Male Both sexes
Lite- Not Lite- Not Lite- Not
rate literate Total rate literate Total rate literate Total Population
Caprivi 90.1 9.9 100 88.7 11.3 100 89.4 10.6 100 21 261
Erongo 98.3 1.7 100 97.0 2.4 100 97.6 2.1 100 20 513
Hardap 96.1 3.9 100 94.6 5.4 100 95.4 4.6 100 11 482
Karas 97.8 1.9 100 96.2 3.8 100 97.1 2.8 100 10 886
Kavango 89.7 10.3 100 95.2 4.8 100 92.1 7.9 100 46 647
Khomas 99.1 0.9 100 96.5 3.5 100 97.9 2.1 100 54 641
Kunene 81.2 18.8 100 83.8 16.2 100 82.4 17.6 100 11 526
Ohangwena 95.2 4.8 100 87.9 12.0 100 91.7 8.3 100 49 788
Omaheke 78.8 21.2 100 72.2 27.0 100 75.5 24.1 100 10 053
Omusati 97.7 2.3 100 91.7 8.3 100 94.6 5.4 100 46 901
Oshana 98.8 1.2 100 94.7 5.3 100 97.0 3.0 100 37 338
Oshikoto 96.7 3.3 100 87.2 12.8 100 91.9 8.1 100 36 647
Otjozondjupa 86.7 12.7 100 83.8 16.2 100 85.4 14.2 100 22 987
Namibia 94.4 5.6 100 91.3 8.7 100 92.9 7.0 100 380 670
Urban 97.7 2.2 100 96.8 3.1 100 97.3 2.6 100 137 777
Rural 92.4 7.6 100 88.4 11.6 100 90.4 9.5 100 242 893
3.2 School attendance
School attendance in Namibia is compulsory for children aged 6 to 13. According to the
NHIES, 85 per cent of all persons aged 6 and above reported that they have attended some
kind of formal schooling, and 15 per cent have never been to school (Table 3.2.1). Among
those aged between 6 and 16 years, 10 per cent reported that they have never been to
school. There are only minor differences in school attendance between the sexes. It should
be noted that these results relate only to whether or not the person has attended school, the
next section 3.3 in this chapter includes results on educational attainment.
3 Education
Central Bureau of Statistics 27
Table 3.2.1
Population aged 6+ by school attendance, sex and age group
Sex School attendance %
Age group Has been Never been Total
to school to school % Number
Female
6-16 90.7 9.1 100 263 561
17+ 82.4 17.5 100 547 480
Total 6+ 85.1 14.8 100 811 041
Male
6-16 88.1 11.6 100 258 240
17+ 82.3 17.5 100 466 272
Total 6+ 84.4 15.4 100 724 512
Both sexes
6-16 89.4 10.3 100 521 801
17+ 82.3 17.5 100 1 013 752
Total 6+ 84.7 15.1 100 1 535 553
Differences in school attendance are greater at regional levels (Table 3.2.2). While 7 per cent
of urban children aged 6-16 reported that they have never been to school the corresponding
percentage is 12 for rural children. Of those aged 17 years and above in rural areas 24 per
cent reported that they have never been to school. The regions with the largest proportion of
population aged 6-16 years that have never been to school include Kunene, Omaheke and
Otjozondjupa.
3 Education
28 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 3.2.2
Population aged 6+ by age group, school attendance, region and urban/rural areas
Region 6-16 17+ 6+
Has
been to
school
Never
been to
school
Total
Has
been to
school
Never
been to
school
Total
Has
been to
school
Never
been to
school
Total
% Number % Number % Number
Caprivi 90.1 9.7 100 23 369 80.5 19.4 100 47 739 83.6 16.2 100 71 108
Erongo 90.7 8.9 100 18 781 93.7 5.7 100 66 644 93.1 6.4 100 85 425
Hardap 89.9 9.3 100 17 595 80.9 18.7 100 39 917 83.7 15.8 100 57 512
Karas 90.8 8.7 100 13 344 90.9 8.8 100 39 848 90.8 8.8 100 53 192
Kavango 90.2 9.7 100 70 890 77.1 22.8 100 101 641 82.5 17.4 100 172 531
Khomas 91.1 8.1 100 51 258 93.6 6.1 100 178 921 93.1 6.6 100 230 179
Kunene 61.4 38.0 100 14 850 63.2 36.8 100 33 165 62.6 37.2 100 48 015
Ohangwena 87.2 12.6 100 83 400 73.5 26.3 100 109 920 79.4 20.4 100 193 321
Omaheke 71.9 27.7 100 13 028 61.4 38.6 100 32 711 64.4 35.5 100 45 739
Omusati 94.2 5.6 100 77 323 83.1 16.8 100 111 873 87.7 12.2 100 189 196
Oshana 95.2 4.7 100 52 841 87.4 12.5 100 92 638 90.2 9.7 100 145 479
Oshikoto 91.5 8.5 100 53 910 81.3 18.5 100 88 003 85.1 14.7 100 141 913
Otjozondjupa 83.5 16.3 100 31 211 73.5 26.3 100 70 731 76.5 23.2 100 101 942
Namibia 89.4 10.3 100 521 801 82.3 17.5 100 1 013 752 84.7 15.1 100 1 535 553
Urban 92.2 7.4 100 145 566 92.4 7.4 100 407 882 92.4 7.4 100 553 448
Rural 88.3 11.5 100 376 235 75.5 24.3 100 605 870 80.4 19.4 100 982 105
There is a correlation between school attendance and age in a way that the proportion of
those who have attended school declines with age from 14 years (Table 3.2.3). Among those
aged between 14-16 years 96 per cent have been to school. For those 65 years and older the
proportion is only 43 per cent. In the youngest age group of 6-13 years 13 per cent have
never been to school.
Table 3.2.3
Population aged 6+ by school attendance and age group
Age group School attendance %
Has been Never been Total
to school to school % Number
6-13 87.2 12.5 100 391 816
14-16 95.9 4.0 100 129 985
17-18 94.7 5.2 100 77 948
19-24 92.8 7.0 100 219 137
25-34 89.3 10.5 100 267 086
35-44 85.0 14.9 100 178 103
45-54 76.6 23.2 100 110 285
55-64 62.1 37.8 100 71 773
65+ 43.0 56.4 100 89 418
Total 6+ 84.7 15.1 100 1 535 553
The results from the NHIES reveal a marginal difference in school attendance between
orphans and non-orphans (Table 3.2.4).
3 Education
Central Bureau of Statistics 29
Table 3.2.4
Population aged 6-17 by school attendance, orphan hood and sex
Orphan hood Has Never Total
Sex been to been to
school school % Number
Orphans
Female 93.2 6.8 100 64 137
Male 90.6 9.1 100 59 675
Total 91.9 7.9 100 123 812
Non-orphans
Female 90.4 9.4 100 219 314
Male 88.1 11.6 100 217 850
Total 89.2 10.5 100 437 164
Not stated
Female 96.7 - 100 541
Male 74.3 25.7 100 445
Total 86.6 11.6 100 986
Total
Female 91.0 8.8 100 283 991
Male 88.6 11.1 100 277 970
Total 89.8 9.9 100 561 962
Table 3.2.5 shows that in the regions generally orphans have been to school to a greater extent
than non-orphans, except in Kunene.
Table 3.2.5
Population aged 6-17 by school attendance, orphan hood, region and urban/rural
areas
Region Orphans Non-orphans Orphans and non-orphans
Has
been to
school
Never
been to
school
Total Has
been to
school
Never
been to
school
Total Has
been to
school
Never
been to
school
Total
% Number % Number % Number
Caprivi 93.1 6.9 100 8 559 88.5 11.2 100 17 386 90.0 9.7 100 26 010
Erongo 94.1 3.5 100 2 691 90.5 9.1 100 17 338 91.0 8.4 100 20 028
Hardap 89.5 10.5 100 2 711 90.7 8.5 100 16 396 90.5 8.7 100 19 129
Karas 90.8 7.9 100 1 908 91.6 8.2 100 12 419 91.3 8.3 100 14 389
Kavango 91.2 8.5 100 19 109 90.4 9.5 100 56 892 90.6 9.2 100 76 201
Khomas 93.6 6.2 100 7 581 91.3 7.9 100 46 938 91.6 7.6 100 54 599
Kunene 58.2 41.8 100 2 013 62.3 37.0 100 13 849 61.8 37.5 100 16 002
Ohangwena 87.1 12.9 100 22 068 87.9 11.8 100 67 287 87.8 12.1 100 89 529
Omaheke 77.9 19.6 100 1 751 72.0 27.9 100 12 132 72.7 26.9 100 13 883
Omusati 96.9 3.1 100 20 934 93.9 5.9 100 62 576 94.7 5.2 100 83 510
Oshana 96.5 3.5 100 15 951 95.1 4.8 100 40 856 95.5 4.4 100 56 907
Oshikoto 94.2 5.8 100 14 697 91.4 8.6 100 43 789 92.0 7.9 100 58 588
Otjozondjupa 87.5 12.5 100 3 839 83.1 16.6 100 29 307 83.6 16.1 100 33 188
Namibia 91.9 7.9 100 123 812 89.2 10.5 100 437 164 89.8 9.9 100 561 962
Urban 94.1 5.7 100 26 284 92.3 7.3 100 130 058 92.6 7.0 100 156 703
Rural 91.4 8.5 100 97 527 87.9 11.8 100 307 106 88.7 11.0 100 405 258
3 Education
30 Central Bureau of Statistics
The survey shows minor differences in school attendance according to survivorship of parents.
Among children (aged 6-17) with no parents alive 92 per cent have been to school compared
to 89 per cent for children with both parents alive (Table 3.2.6).
Table 3.2.6
Population aged 6-17 by school attendance and survivorship of parents
Survivorship of
parents
School attendance %
Has been
to school
Never been
to school
Total
% Number
Only mother alive 92.0 7.8 100 72 950
Only father alive 92.1 7.7 100 28 553
No parents alive 91.5 8.5 100 22 309
Both parents alive 89.2 10.5 100 437 164
Not stated 86.6 11.6 100 986
Total 89.8 9.9 100 561 962
3.3 Educational attainment
Among the population aged 15 years11 and above, the NHIES estimates that 17 per cent have
no formal education and 32, 46 and 6 per cent have primary, secondary and tertiary education
respectively (Table 3.3.1). There are large differences between urban and rural areas. The
proportion of those who have no formal education is 23 per cent in rural areas compared to 7
per cent in urban areas. In Omaheke 37 per cent of the population have no formal education
whereas in Khomas and Erongo it is only 6 per cent.
Table 3.3.1
Population aged 15+ by highest level of educational attainment, region and urban/
rural areas
Region Level of education %
No formal Primary Secondary Tertiary Total
education % Number
Caprivi 18.2 24.9 51.7 5.3 100 52 015
Erongo 6.0 25.6 61.2 6.8 100 70 032
Hardap 18.0 33.1 45.5 3.0 100 42 821
Karas 8.8 29.9 54.6 5.9 100 41 622
Kavango 20.9 44.0 31.6 3.1 100 113 985
Khomas 6.2 17.9 59.7 16.2 100 186 547
Kunene 35.3 28.9 33.7 1.7 100 35 405
Ohangwena 24.3 40.9 32.4 2.0 100 123 425
Omaheke 37.4 22.8 35.2 4.1 100 34 627
Omusati 15.4 42.4 39.3 2.8 100 123 809
Oshana 11.7 30.4 52.7 5.2 100 100 992
Oshikoto 17.4 36.2 42.5 3.7 100 96 599
Otjozondjupa 25.4 27.1 42.8 4.1 100 75 457
Namibia 16.7 31.7 45.5 5.9 100 1 097 336
Urban 7.3 21.4 60.4 10.8 100 431 231
Rural 22.7 38.4 35.8 2.7 100 666 105
1 The analysis of educational attainment is based on population aged 15 years and above is mainly to allow comparability with
2001 Population and Housing Census.
3 Education
Central Bureau of Statistics 31
There is a slightly higher proportion of females that have attained secondary education, 48
per cent, compared to 43 per cent of males (Table 3.3.2). Among persons of both sexes about
6 per cent have attained tertiary education level.
Table 3.3.2
Population aged 15+ by sex and highest level of educational attainment
Educational attainment Sex %
Female Male Both sexes
No formal education 16.6 16.8 16.7 182 807
Primary 29.8 34.0 31.7 348 228
Secondary 47.9 42.5 45.5 498 787
Tertiary 5.5 6.3 5.9 64 701
Not stated 0.2 0.3 0.3 2 813
Total 100 100 100 1 097 336
There is a correlation between no formal education and age (Table 3.3.3). While 5 per cent
of those aged 15-19 years reported that they have no formal education, the corresponding
proportion is 57 per cent among those over 65 years.
Table 3.3.3
Population aged 15+ by highest level of educational attainment and age group
Age group Level of education %
No formal Primary Secon- Tertiary Total
education dary % Number
15-19 5.0 40.2 54.2 0.5 100 205 006
20-24 7.6 23.0 65.5 3.8 100 175 664
25-34 10.7 26.8 55.3 7.0 100 267 086
35-44 15.0 32.8 40.9 11.1 100 178 103
45-54 23.4 37.6 26.4 12.0 100 110 285
55-64 37.9 38.6 17.7 5.4 100 71 773
65+ 57.0 29.5 11.6 1.6 100 89 418
Total 15+ 16.7 31.7 45.5 5.9 100 1 097 336
Levels of educational attainment have improved signifi cantly in Namibia over the last
decade (Figure 3.3). The proportion of the population over 15 years of age who have no
formal education has declined from 30 per cent in 1993/1994 to 17 per cent in 2003/2004.
Improvements have occurred in all regions but especially in Omusati, Ohangwena and
Kunene.
3 Education
32 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 3.3
Percentage of population aged 15+ with no formal education by region, 1993/1994-
2003/2004
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Erongo
Khomas
Karas
Oshana
Omusati
NAMIBIA
Oshikoto
Hardap
Caprivi
Kavango
Ohangw ena
Otjozondjupa
Kunene
Omaheke
2003/04
1993/94
4 Main source of income
Central Bureau of Statistics 33
4 Main source of income
It is generally known that households have more than one source of income. Furthermore,
in some households there may be more than one income earner, who may be in different
industries. In the survey the heads of households were asked to select the households main
source of income from a list of 11 possible sources, including salaries and/or wages, subsistence
farming, commercial farming, pensions, cash remittances, maintenance grants, drought relief,
in kind receipts, etc. In this chapter reported main source of income has been cross classifi ed
by other variables such as region, urban/rural areas, sex of head of household, highest level of
educational attainment of the head of household, etc.
Table 4.1 shows that in the whole country, 46 per cent of the households reported that their
main source of income are derived from salaries/wages, followed by subsistence farming with
29 per cent and pensions with 9 per cent. New income source categories such as drought relief,
in kind receipts and maintenance grants have been introduced in the NHIES 2003/2004
In urban areas, 77 per cent of the households reported that salaries and wages are the main
source of income, followed by business income (11%). In rural areas subsistence farming was
reported as the main source of income by 48 per cent of the households, followed by salaries
and wages (26%) and pensions (12%).
At the regional level, salaries/wages are the main source of income in all regions, except
for Kavango, Ohangwena, Omusati and Oshikoto (Table 4.1). In these four regions, large
proportions of households reported subsistence farming as the main source of income.
Table 4.1
Households by main source of income, region and urban/rural areas
Region Main source of income % Total
Salaries Sub- Commer- Pen- Remit- Drought/ Busi- Other % Num-
wages sistence cial sions tances/ in kind ness ber
farming farming grants receipts income
Caprivi 32.5 17.8 0.1 12.9 6.2 5.5 17.0 7.2 100 18 607
Erongo 75.3 2.3 0.2 7.7 3.2 0.6 9.5 1.1 100 27 713
Hardap 61.7 4.9 2.9 19.4 4.0 2.2 2.8 1.3 100 16 365
Karas 73.1 4.8 2.2 10.4 2.4 0.8 4.0 1.3 100 15 570
Kavango 28.1 33.9 0.2 11.3 3.1 3.6 12.8 5.9 100 32 354
Khomas 80.3 0.2 0.6 3.8 2.1 0.4 10.3 1.0 100 64 918
Kunene 44.0 19.2 3.3 16.0 6.0 4.7 5.5 0.1 100 13 365
Ohangwena 15.4 57.9 - 19.5 0.5 2.5 3.5 0.2 100 37 854
Omaheke 51.7 19.9 2.0 6.1 3.6 8.7 4.5 3.1 100 13 347
Omusati 13.1 80.2 - 3.3 0.2 0.1 1.9 0.5 100 39 248
Oshana 30.8 48.3 0.1 3.9 1.5 3.3 9.5 0.3 100 31 759
Oshikoto 25.7 49.9 0.2 12.2 5.2 3.3 2.7 0.7 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 72.9 3.7 1.9 7.1 4.9 2.8 4.5 1.6 100 28 707
Namibia 46.3 28.9 0.7 9.2 2.8 2.4 7.1 1.6 100 371 678
Urban 76.7 0.9 0.1 4.9 3.4 1.0 10.8 1.1 100 150 533
Rural 25.7 48.0 1.2 12.1 2.4 3.3 4.5 2.0 100 221 145
4 Main source of income
34 Central Bureau of Statistics
As shown in Table 4.2, a higher proportion male headed households reported salaries/wages
as their main source of income, 53 per cent compared to 37 per cent of female headed. On the
other hand large proportions of female headed households reported subsistence farming and
pensions as their main sources of income.
Table 4.2
Households by main source of income, urban/rural areas and sex of head of
household
Urban/ Source of income % Total
rural Sal- Sub- Com- Pen- Remit- Drought/ Busi- Other % Num-
Sex aries/ sistence mer- sions tances/ in kind ness ber
of head wages farming cial grants receipts income
farming
Urban
Female 70.1 0.9 0.1 5.1 6.5 1.6 12.9 1.8 100 56 671
Male 80.8 0.9 0.1 4.8 1.6 0.6 9.5 0.6 100 93 803
Both sexes 76.7 0.9 0.1 4.9 3.4 1.0 10.8 1.1 100 150 533
Rural
Female 16.3 53.6 0.3 15.7 3.8 3.0 4.2 2.0 100 93 781
Male 32.6 43.8 1.8 9.5 1.3 3.6 4.7 2.1 100 125 905
Both sexes 25.7 48.0 1.2 12.1 2.4 3.3 4.5 2.0 100 221 145
Namibia
Female 36.6 33.7 0.3 11.7 4.8 2.4 7.5 1.9 100 150 451
Male 53.2 25.5 1.1 7.5 1.4 2.3 6.8 1.5 100 219 709
Both sexes 46.3 28.9 0.7 9.2 2.8 2.4 7.1 1.6 100 371 678
High proportions of households whose heads had no formal education or primary education
reported subsistence farming as their main source of income (Table 4.3). On the other hand,
a large proportion of households whose heads had secondary or tertiary education reported
salaries/wages as their main source of income.
Table 4.3
Households by main source of income and highest level of educational attainment of
head of household
Educational Source of income % Total
attainment Sal- Sub- Com- Pen- Remitt- Drought/ Busi- Other % Num-
of head aries/ sistence mer- sions ances/ in kind ness ber
wages farming cial grants receipts income
farming
No formal education 23.8 42.3 0.1 20.4 1.9 4.8 3.5 2.2 100 88 375
Primary 37.3 40.0 0.2 8.1 2.8 2.1 6.4 2.3 100 116 545
Secondary 60.4 16.6 1.3 4.2 3.7 1.7 9.1 2.1 100 126 932
Tertiary 81.3 3.3 2.0 3.3 1.9 - 7.0 0.9 100 36 980
Not stated 34.3 45.6 - 3.3 8.1 1.1 4.3 0.8 100 2 845
Total 46.3 28.9 0.7 9.2 2.8 2.4 6.7 2.0 100 371 678
4 Main source of income
Central Bureau of Statistics 35
The largest percentage of households, which has salaries/wages as the main source of income
were from the households where English, Afrikaans and Nama/Damara are the main language
spoken, 77, 73 and 71 percent, respectively (Table 4.4). A high proportion of households in
which Oshiwambo is the main language spoken, reported subsistence farming as their main
source of income.
Table 4.4
Households by main source of income and main language spoken in the household
Main language Source of income % Total
Sal- Sub- Com- Pen- Remit- Drought/ Busi- Other % Num-
aries/ sistence mer- sions tances/ in kind ness ber
wages farming cial grants receipts income
farming
Khoisan 51.4 10.0 - 6.7 0.5 24.4 0.1 4.6 100 4 967
Caprivi Languages 39.0 15.4 0.1 11.9 5.7 5.0 15.3 6.8 100 19 664
Otjiherero 54.6 18.9 1.5 8.1 4.0 2.8 7.0 2.3 100 32 686
Rukavango 32.7 32.5 0.2 10.7 2.8 3.0 11.8 5.3 100 34 748
Nam/Damara 71.2 3.4 0.1 11.7 6.1 2.4 2.1 2.1 100 42 484
Oshiwambo 35.9 46.2 0.1 7.8 1.7 1.8 5.3 0.6 100 181 395
Setswana 66.1 3.5 - 14.1 5.3 5.3 3.5 2.1 100 1 479
Afrikaans 72.6 1.9 4.0 10.8 1.5 0.6 5.3 2.3 100 39 374
German 33.4 - 8.7 23.6 1.3 - 24.1 8.9 100 4 005
English 77.2 - - 6.5 2.0 - 10.5 2.3 100 6 889
Other 31.6 4.1 0.6 - 21.9 - 39.5 0.2 100 2 532
Not stated 33.7 28.6 - 14.9 3.4 1.2 2.1 3.5 100 1 452
Total 46.3 28.9 0.7 9.2 2.8 2.4 6.7 2.0 100 371 678
In the fi rst and second percentile groups a large proportion of households reported
subsistence farming as the main source of income, 43 and 44 percent, respectively; while
salaries/wages are reported to be the main sources for the rest of the percentile groups
(Table 4.5).
4 Main source of income
36 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 4.5
Households by main source of income and percentile group after
adjusted per capita income
Percentile Source of income % Total
group Sal- Sub- Com- Pen- Remit- Drought/ Busi- Other % Num-
Deciles aries/
wages
sistence
framing
mer-
cial
sions tances/
grants
in kind
receipts
ness
income
ber
farming
Percentiles
1-25 21.9 42.5 0.1 17.0 3.8 4.2 6.0 3.4 100 92 985
26-50 33.1 44.1 0.2 8.9 2.8 2.7 5.7 1.9 100 92 897
51-75 55.4 23.6 0.3 6.0 2.9 2.4 7.2 1.2 100 92 925
76-90 77.5 7.7 0.6 3.5 2.4 0.4 6.3 1.1 100 55 706
91-95 77.0 3.0 2.4 6.7 1.9 0.2 6.1 2.1 100 18 584
96-98 68.9 2.1 3.8 6.4 0.5 - 15.3 2.8 100 11 195
99-100 61.3 0.3 14.7 7.7 - - 12.9 3.1 100 7 386
Total 46.3 28.9 0.7 9.2 2.8 2.4 6.7 2.0 100 371 678
Deciles
1 22.3 34.5 - 20.0 5.3 5.5 6.6 4.3 100 37 191
2 20.3 46.7 0.2 15.3 2.8 4.1 6.3 2.9 100 37 243
3 26.3 48.6 0.2 12.1 2.5 1.9 5.3 2.5 100 37 114
4 31.7 45.2 0.1 9.5 3.1 3.1 5.0 1.6 100 37 175
5 36.9 41.5 0.2 8.0 2.8 2.3 6.0 1.9 100 37 160
6 47.0 29.6 0.2 7.8 3.2 2.8 6.7 1.6 100 37 158
7 59.8 22.2 0.5 4.5 3.2 2.1 6.1 0.8 100 37 143
8 67.0 13.1 0.2 4.6 2.4 1.5 8.3 1.8 100 37 198
9 81.0 5.6 0.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 6.3 0.5 100 37 132
10 71.4 2.2 5.2 6.8 1.1 0.1 10.2 2.5 100 37 166
The fi gures below show comparisons between the proportions of households whose main
sources of income are subsistence farming or salaries/wages. As shown in Figure 4.1, at the
national level, there is a slight increase in the proportions of households whose main source
of income are salaries/wages. And a slight decline in the proportion of households whose
main source of income is subsistence farming.
The proportion of female headed households whose main source of income are salaries/
wages increased while the proportion of households whose main source is subsistence
farming decline (Figure 4.2).
4 Main source of income
Central Bureau of Statistics 37
Figure 4.1a
Percentage of households with subsistence farming
as main source of income by region, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0 20 40 60 80 100
Khomas
Erongo
Otjozondjupa
Karas
Hardap
Caprivi
Kunene
Omaheke
NAMIBIA
Kavango
Oshana
Oshikoto
Ohangw ena
Omusati
2003/04
1993/94
Figure 4.1b
Percentage of households with wages and salaries
as main source of income by region, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0 20 40 60 80 100
Omusati
Ohangw ena
Oshikoto
Kavango
Oshana
Caprivi
Kunene
NAMIBIA
Omaheke
Hardap
Otjozondjupa
Karas
Erongo
Khomas
2003/04
1993/94
4 Main source of income
38 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 4.2
Percentage of households by sex of head of household and salaries/wages or
subsistence farming as main source of income,
1993/1994-2003/2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Female headed Male headed Female headed Male headed
Salaries Subsistence farming
2003/04
1993/94
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 39
5 Housing and utilities
This chapter reports on some key characteristics of the households that relate to the type of
dwelling and ownership, as well as the building materials used for the dwelling, sources of energy,
water and toilet facilities. These form additional critical elements in the overall description of
the material well-being of Namibian households. The results show vast differences when it
comes to most aspects that relate to housing and access to utilities. Compared to the previous
survey in 1993/1994 most improvements have taken place in the rural areas. Conversely, there
is a signifi cant rise in improvised housing in urban areas and a subsequent deterioration in the
availability of utilities.
5.1 Type of dwelling
Country-wide, 44 per cent of households reported that they live in a traditional dwelling,
making this the most common form of dwelling (Table 5.1.1). Out of all households 27
per cent live in a detached house, 7 per cent in a semi-detached house and 3 per cent in a
fl at. These three categories together can be considered as modern housing. At the other end
of the spectrum, a total of 17 per cent of households live in improvised housing. Smaller
percentages live in mobile homes (0.4%) and single quarters (1.6%). A total of 71 per cent
of rural households live in traditional dwellings compared to 4 per cent in urban areas. In the
regions of Ohangwena, Omusati, Kavango and Caprivi more than 80 per cent of households
live in traditional dwellings. Conversely, 65 per cent of households in urban areas live in
modern dwellings (Figure 5.1.1), especially in Khomas (69%) and Erongo (66%). Improvised
housing is typically associated with informal settlements; 27 per cent of urban dwellings are
improvised compared to 10 per cent in rural areas.
Table 5.1.1
Households by type of dwelling, region and urban/rural areas
Region Type of dwelling % Total
Detached house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile home
Single
quarters
Traditional
dwelling
Improvised
house Other % Number
Caprivi 7.4 7.8 0.2 0.6 0.6 82.5 0.6 0.3 100 18 607
Erongo 27.4 28.3 9.8 0.3 4.1 2.6 27.3 0.2 100 27 713
Hardap 49.3 6.0 4.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 37.6 0.4 100 16 365
Karas 48.1 9.2 3.1 0.5 2.7 6.8 28.7 0.9 100 15 570
Kavango 3.6 7.4 1.5 0.1 0.7 84.2 2.6 0.1 100 32 354
Khomas 57.2 5.3 6.0 0.2 1.4 0.2 29.2 0.5 100 64 918
Kunene 28.2 8.8 1.5 1.9 2.1 38.3 18.4 0.9 100 13 365
Ohangwena 2.2 1.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 91.1 3.1 0.4 100 37 854
Omaheke 36.6 1.9 0.9 0.3 2.0 16.3 41.5 0.4 100 13 347
Omusati 8.9 2.5 0.7 0.3 0.0 85.7 1.9 - 100 39 248
Oshana 23.6 6.7 3.1 0.2 2.3 49.5 13.7 0.7 100 31 759
Oshikoto 11.0 3.2 1.4 0.3 1.8 76.9 5.2 0.2 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 50.4 5.2 2.7 0.8 3.8 8.9 27.0 1.2 100 28 707
Namibia 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
Urban 46.6 12.1 6.5 0.3 3.0 4.2 26.5 0.8 100 150 533
Rural 14.1 3.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 70.7 9.9 0.2 100 221 145
5 Housing and utilities
40 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 5.1.1
Percentage of households by type of dwelling, Namibia and urban/rural areas
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Det/semi/flat Traditional
dwelling
Improvised
house
Namibia
Urban
Rural
Table 5.1.2
Households by type of dwelling, urban/rural areas and sex of head of household
Urban/rural Type of dwelling % Total
Sex of head Detached house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile home
Single
quarters
Traditional
dwelling
Improvised
house Other % Number
Urban
Female 46.6 11.3 7.7 0.3 2.1 4.6 26.3 1.1 100 56 671
Male 46.6 12.5 5.9 0.3 3.5 4.0 26.6 0.6 100 93 803
Both sexes 46.6 12.1 6.5 0.3 3.0 4.2 26.5 0.8 100 150 533
Rural
Female 8.9 2.4 0.8 0.1 0.2 79.9 7.4 0.2 100 93 781
Male 18.0 3.7 0.9 0.7 1.0 63.7 11.7 0.2 100 125 905
Both sexes 14.1 3.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 70.7 9.9 0.2 100 221 145
Namibia
Female 23.1 5.8 3.4 0.2 0.9 51.5 14.6 0.5 100 150 451
Male 30.2 7.4 3.0 0.5 2.1 38.2 18.1 0.4 100 219 709
Both sexes 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
More than half, 52 per cent, of households in Namibia headed by females reported that they
reside in a traditional dwelling compared to 38 per cent of households headed by males
(Table 5.1.2). This is primarily the result of signifi cant differences in rural areas where 80
per cent of female headed households reside in traditional dwellings compared to 64 per cent
for male headed households. On the other hand, 41 per cent of male headed households in
Namibia reside in a modern type of dwelling, either a detached or semi-detached house or a
fl at, compared to 32 per cent among female headed households.
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 41
Table 5.1.3
Households by type of dwelling and main language spoken in the household
Main language
spoken
Type of dwelling % Total
Detached
house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile home
Single
quarters
Tradi-
tional
dwelling
Impro-
vised
house
Other
% Number
Khoisan 27.6 1.5 0.4 1.1 4.0 41.5 23.1 0.6 100 4 967
Caprivi languages 12.9 9.1 2.1 0.7 0.5 73.3 1.0 0.5 100 19 664
Otjiherero 47.6 4.6 2.3 0.9 1.4 21.2 21.6 0.4 100 32 686
Rukavango 7.0 5.2 0.6 0.1 1.0 80.2 5.8 0.1 100 34 748
Nama/Damara 41.5 10.9 2.8 0.3 1.7 5.7 36.9 0.3 100 42 484
Oshiwambo 14.0 4.5 2.2 0.2 2.0 59.5 17.2 0.4 100 181 395
Setswana 66.9 9.0 - - 2.1 5.5 16.5 - 100 1 479
Afrikaans 66.8 13.5 7.0 1.1 0.6 0.4 9.8 0.8 100 39 374
German 82.6 4.4 12.8 - - - 0.1 - 100 4 005
English 65.6 9.5 21.1 0.7 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.8 100 6 889
Other 42.8 17.7 19.3 - 2.0 9.5 6.9 1.7 100 2 532
Not stated 7.3 27.8 3.6 - - 51.5 6.3 3.4 100 1 452
Total 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
In households where Rukavango, Caprivi languages or Oshiwambo is the main language
spoken, 80, 73 and 60 per cent, respectively live in traditional dwellings (Table 5.1.3). In
households where Nama/Damara, Khoisan or Otjiherero is the main language spoken 37,
23 and 22 per cent, respectively live in improvised housing. On the other hand, nearly
all German and English-speaking households live in modern dwellings, either detached or
semi-detached house or fl at. The majority, 87 per cent, of Afrikaans-speaking households
also live in modern dwellings while 10 per cent live in improvised housing.
Table 5.1.4
Households by type of dwelling, household composition and orphan hood
Household composition Type of dwelling % Total
Orphan hood Detached
house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile home
Single
quarters
Tradi-
tional
dwelling
Impro-
vised
house
Other
% Number
With head or head & spouse only 31.9 10.1 8.6 1.1 2.7 20.2 24.7 0.8 100 61 075
With 1 child no relatives 35.1 6.8 4.2 0.2 2.2 28.6 22.3 0.6 100 28 617
With 2+ children no relatives 33.2 6.1 2.2 0.4 1.2 42.8 14.0 0.1 100 67 199
With relatives 21.8 5.5 1.7 0.2 1.4 55.8 13.3 0.3 100 178 223
With non-relatives 29.3 8.3 2.0 0.5 0.8 38.7 19.5 1.0 100 36 564
Total 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
Orphan hood
Households without orphans 30.3 7.3 4.0 0.5 2.0 36.2 19.2 0.6 100 285 300
Households with orphans 17.1 4.9 0.5 0.2 0.3 68.9 8.0 0.1 100 86 378
The survey shows that 69 per cent of households with one or more orphans reported that
they live in traditional dwellings and 8 per cent in improvised houses (Table 5.1.4). Only
22 per cent of households with orphans live in a modern dwelling such as a detached or
semi-detached house or fl at, compared to 41 per cent of households without orphans. In
households that only include the head and possibly a spouse, 50 per cent live in a modern
5 Housing and utilities
42 Central Bureau of Statistics
dwelling and 25 per cent in an improvised house. Among households living with relatives
56 per cent live in traditional dwellings.
Table 5.1.5
Households by type of dwelling and highest level of educational attainment
of head of household
Educational
attainment of head
Type of dwelling % Total
Detached
house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile home
Single
quarters
Traditional
dwelling
Impro-
vised
house
Other
% Number
No formal education 11.1 2.5 0.3 0.2 1.1 68.0 16.7 0.1 100 88 375
Primary 17.6 5.1 1.1 0.3 2.0 53.3 20.2 0.4 100 116 545
Secondary 38.0 8.5 4.9 0.6 2.0 27.2 18.1 0.7 100 126 932
Tertiary 60.8 16.0 10.8 0.6 0.3 10.7 0.4 0.4 100 36 980
Not stated 12.0 5.0 - - - 70.5 11.1 1.5 100 2 845
Total 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
The level of education of the head of household is refl ected in the type of dwelling occupied
by the household. For instance, among households where the head has no formal education 44
per cent reported that they live in traditional dwellings and 17 per cent in improvised houses
(Table 5.1.5). Among households where the head has tertiary education, only 11 per cent live
in traditional dwellings and less than a half per cent in improvised houses. Conversely, in
households where the head has tertiary level of education 88 per cent live in modern dwellings,
such as detached or semi-detached house or fl at. The corresponding proportions for households
where the highest level of educational attainment of the head of household is secondary,
primary and no formal education are 52, 25 and 14 per cent, respectively.
Table 5.1.6
Households by type of dwelling and main source of income
Main source of
income
Type of dwelling % Total
Detached
house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile
home
Single
quarters
Traditional
dwelling
Impro-
vised
house
Other % Number
Salaries and/or wages 43.5 11.2 5.6 0.6 3.0 12.4 22.9 0.7 100 172 254
Subsistence farming 4.2 0.8 - 0.1 0.1 90.6 4.1 0.0 100 107 519
Commercial farming 88.3 - - 0.8 - 8.3 2.6 - 100 2 753
Pensions 19.6 4.6 2.0 - 0.1 62.3 11.1 0.3 100 34 159
Remittances/grants 22.7 9.2 3.9 0.6 0.7 36.7 25.8 0.4 100 10 517
Drought/in-kind
receipts 6.3 3.0 0.3 1.9 0.6 57.1 29.1 1,8 100 8 813
Business income 31.2 5.8 3.5 0.4 1.4 32.3 25.2 0.1 100 26 254
Other 9.3 6.5 0.4 - 0.5 60.5 22.8 - 100 6 123
Not stated 28.9 4.7 1.6 - 0.7 44.2 16.9 3.0 100 3 286
Total 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
The main source of income is also refl ected in the type of dwelling occupied by the
household (Table 5.1.6). For instance in households where the main source of income
is from subsistence farming 91 per cent reported that they live in a traditional dwelling.
Moreover, 62 and 57 per cent of households that rely, respectively on pensions or in-kind
receipts such as drought relief, also live in traditional dwellings. Among those households
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 43
where the main source of income is commercial farming 88 per cent live in a detached
house. Households that rely on salaries and/or wages and business incomes, 60 and 41 per
cent, respectively, live in a modern dwelling, such as a detached or semi-detached house or
fl at.
The proportion of households that live in a detached house, semi-detached house or a fl at
have remained constant over the past decade (Figure 5.1.2a). However, there is a slight
increase for female headed households compared to 1993/1994 and a decline for male headed
households. The major change is regional. In urban areas the proportion of households that
live in this type of modern housing has decreased from 81 per cent in 1993/1994 to 65 per
cent in 2003/2004.
This change is refl ected in a signifi cant increase in improvised housing in urban areas
(Figure 5.1.2b). In the survey in 1993/1994 a total of 8 per cent of urban households lived
in improvised housing compared to 27 per cent in 2003/2004, or more than three times as
much.
5 Housing and utilities
44 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 5.1.2a
Percentage of households living in detached or semi-detached house or fl at, by sex
and urban/rural areas
1993/1994-2003/2004
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Urban
Rural
Total
Female
Male
2003/04
1993/94
Figure 5.1.2b
Percentage of households living in improvised housing, by sex and urban/rural areas
1993/1994-2003/2004
0% 10% 20% 30%
Urban
Rural
Total
Female
Male
2003/04
1993/94
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 45
Table 5.1.7
Households by type of dwelling and percentile group after adjusted per capita income
Percentile
group
Deciles
Type of dwelling % Total
Detached
house
Semi-
detached
house
Flat Mobile home
Single
quarters
Traditional
dwelling
Impro-
vised
house
Other
% Number
Percentiles
1-25 6.9 2.6 0.3 0.2 0.9 70.1 18.9 0.1 100 92 985
26-50 14.5 4.4 0.5 0.4 1.7 60.6 17.7 0.2 100 92 897
51-75 29.7 7.8 2.6 0.4 1.8 35.7 21.3 0.8 100 92 925
76-90 50.0 12.1 7.5 0.3 2.9 13.1 13.1 1.0 100 55 706
91-95 68.8 10.4 11.9 0.8 1.0 3.6 3.2 0.2 100 18 584
96-98 70.1 15.4 11.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.0 100 11 195
99-100 71.0 12.5 13.6 0.8 - 1.5 - 0.7 100 7 386
Total 27.3 6.7 3.2 0.4 1.6 43.8 16.6 0.4 100 371 678
Deciles
1 6.1 2.4 0.4 0.4 0.9 65.8 23.8 0.2 100 37 191
2 6.7 3.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 72.4 16.7 0.1 100 37 243
3 9.8 2.5 0.3 0.4 1.1 70.2 15.5 0.1 100 37 114
4 13.7 4.0 0.5 0.3 1.5 62.5 17.3 0.1 100 37 175
5 17.3 5.5 0.7 0.2 2.3 55.7 18.0 0.3 100 37 160
6 25.2 6.6 1.9 0.2 1.9 44.2 19.6 0.4 100 37 158
7 29.2 8.0 2.6 0.6 1.4 33.8 23.3 1.2 100 37 143
8 42.4 9.6 3.8 0.3 2.4 22.2 18.6 0.7 100 37 198
9 52.6 13.5 9.3 0.4 3.0 8.6 11.3 1.1 100 37 132
10 69.6 12.3 12.0 0.9 0.8 2.3 1.9 0.3 100 37 166
There is a strong link between the level of income and the type of dwelling (Table 5.1.7).
Among the poorest 25 per cent of households (represented by the 1-25 percentile) 70 and 19
per cent reported that they live in traditional dwellings and improvised houses, respectively.
Among the richest, 2 per cent of households (represented by the 99-100 percentile) 71 per
cent live in detached houses. The same trend is also evident when analysis is made using
deciles.
2.2 Materials used for the dwelling
This section presents the results from the NHIES regarding the materials used in the
construction of dwellings.
The results reveal that 55 per cent of dwellings have corrugated iron or zinc roof and 38
per cent have roof made of either wood, grass or cow dung (Table 5.2.1). Dwellings with
asbestos and cement or brick roofi ng account for 5 and 1 per cent, respectively. In urban
areas 82 per cent of dwellings have roofs with corrugated iron or zinc compared to 36 per
cent in rural areas. On the other hand, 62 per cent of rural dwellings have wood, grass or
cow dung roofs. The regions where the highest proportion of dwellings with corrugated or
zinc roofs include Otjozondjupa, Hardap and Khomas, all with 96 per cent respectively.
Roofs made of wood, grass and cow dung are more prevalent in Ohangwena, Omusati and
Kavango, 86, 76 and 71 per cent, respectively. In Erongo and Karas, 48 and 12 per cent,
respectively use asbestos as roofi ng material.
5 Housing and utilities
46 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 5.2.1
Households by main material used for roof, region and urban/rural areas
Region Type of roof material % Total
Cement
blocks/brick
tiles
Corrugated
iron/zinc
Wood, grass,
cow dung Asbestos Other % Number
Caprivi 0.3 37.6 61.5 0.2 0.4 100 18 607
Erongo 3.5 29.1 2.5 47.6 17.1 100 27 713
Hardap 0.9 96.1 0.5 1.2 1.0 100 16 365
Karas 0.9 83.2 2.3 12.3 1.2 100 15 570
Kavango 0.4 27.2 71.0 0.6 0.6 100 32 354
Khomas 3.0 95.8 0.7 0.2 0.3 100 64 918
Kunene 0.2 68.3 24.3 3.7 3.2 100 13 365
Ohangwena 0.4 13.6 85.5 - 0.6 100 37 854
Omaheke 1.6 94.4 1.9 0.7 1.5 100 13 347
Omusati 0.0 21.9 75.7 1.7 0.7 100 39 248
Oshana 1.0 51.2 46.6 0.6 0.6 100 31 759
Oshikoto 0.6 29.7 69.4 0.1 0.1 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 0.5 96.2 2.5 0.2 0.3 100 28 707
Namibia 1.2 54.8 37.5 4.6 1.9 100 371 678
Urban 2.3 81.9 2.0 10.4 3.4 100 150 533
Rural 0.5 36.3 61.6 0.7 0.9 100 221 145
In Namibia, 42 per cent of dwellings have cement blocks or bricks and 39 per cent have
either wood, grass or cow dung as wall materials (Table 5.2.2). Dwellings with walls made
of corrugated iron or zinc account for 15 per cent. In urban areas 68 per cent of dwellings
have walls made of cement blocks or bricks compared to 25 per cent in rural areas. On the
other hand, 63 per cent of rural dwellings have walls made of wood, grass or cow dung
compared to only 5 per cent in urban areas. The regions with the highest proportion of
dwellings made of cement blocks or brick walls include Khomas, Erongo and Otjozondjupa
with 71, 70 and 63 per cent, respectively. Caprivi, Kavango and Omusati have the highest
proportion of dwellings with walls made of wood, grass or cow dung, with 81, 80 and 75
per cent, respectively.
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 47
Table 5.2.2
Households by main material used for wall, region and urban/rural areas
Region Type of wall materials % Total
Cement
blocks/brick
tiles
Corrugated
iron/zinc
Wood, grass,
cow dung Asbestos Other % Number
Caprivi 16.0 1.2 81.4 0.3 1.2 100 18 607
Erongo 69.8 7.6 3.4 3.2 15.7 100 27 713
Hardap 60.2 37.4 0.1 1.2 1.0 100 16 365
Karas 60.7 30.9 4.0 3.0 1.2 100 15 570
Kavango 12.2 2.9 79.8 0.6 3.8 100 32 354
Khomas 70.8 28.5 0.2 0.0 0.4 100 64 918
Kunene 37.2 11.4 45.9 1.0 4.5 100 13 365
Ohangwena 22.3 4.4 72.8 0.0 0.5 100 37 854
Omaheke 40.8 35.0 20.1 - 4.1 100 13 347
Omusati 20.8 2.4 74.8 - 1.8 100 39 248
Oshana 37.7 15.4 45.6 0.1 1.2 100 31 759
Oshikoto 23.4 9.1 66.6 0.2 0.7 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 63.0 26.7 8.3 0.9 0.7 100 28 707
Namibia 42.0 15.3 39.4 0.6 2.5 100 371 678
Urban 67.7 22.7 5.1 0.9 3.5 100 150 533
Rural 24.5 10.3 62.8 0.5 1.8 100 221 145
Concrete is the most common material used for fl oors in Namibia, 48 per cent of households
reported that they have dwellings with concrete fl oors, 36 per cent have sand and 15 per
cent have mud, clay and/or cow dung fl oors (Table 5.2.3). In urban areas 76 per cent of
dwellings have fl oors made from concrete compared to 28 per cent in rural areas. On the
other hand, 47 and 24 per cent of rural dwellings have fl oors of sand and of mud, clay and/or
cow dung, respectively. The regions where the highest proportion of dwellings with fl oors
made of concrete are Erongo and Khomas both with 78 per cent. Omusati, Oshikoto and
Ohangwena have the highest proportion of dwellings with fl oors of sand, 65, 58 and 55 per
cent, respectively. In Caprivi region 71 per cent of dwellings have mud, clay and/or cow dung
as fl oor material. Wood as fl oor material is used in less than 1 per cent of dwellings nationwide,
and most predominantly in the Karas region, 6 per cent.
5 Housing and utilities
48 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 5.2.3
Households by main material used for fl oor, region and urban/rural areas
Region Type of fl oor materials % Total
Sand Concrete Mud, clay and/or cow dung Wood Other % Number
Caprivi 5.0 22.4 71.4 0.2 0.9 100 18 607
Erongo 19.2 78.1 1.0 1.7 0.1 100 27 713
Hardap 24.0 73.7 1.7 0.3 0.4 100 16 365
Karas 15.7 74.7 3.2 5.5 0.9 100 15 570
Kavango 46.3 18.9 34.5 - 0.4 100 32 354
Khomas 20.4 77.6 0.1 0.2 1.7 100 64 918
Kunene 20.6 48.2 29.5 0.7 1.0 100 13 365
Ohangwena 54.8 13.1 32.0 0.0 0.2 100 37 854
Omaheke 28.5 66.9 4.2 0.3 - 100 13 347
Omusati 65.4 21.8 12.4 - 0.3 100 39 248
Oshana 51.5 41.0 6.4 0.1 1.0 100 31 759
Oshikoto 58.2 24.3 17.2 0.2 0.2 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 18.4 74.8 6.3 0.3 0.3 100 28 707
Namibia 36.0 47.7 15.2 0.5 0.6 100 371 678
Urban 19.4 76.0 2.6 1.0 1.1 100 150 533
Rural 47.4 28.4 23.8 0.2 0.3 100 221 145
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 49
5.3 Type of tenure
In the NHIES all households were classifi ed according to the type of tenure or ownership of
the dwelling. In the survey, 76 per cent of households reported that they own their dwelling,
among them, 65 per cent without mortgage and 12 per cent with mortgage (Table 5.3). The
results show that 12 per cent of the households rent their dwellings and 11 per cent occupy
it free. In rural areas 81 per cent of households own their dwelling without a mortgage
compared to 41 per cent in urban areas. The regions with the highest proportion of ownership
with no mortgage are Omusati and Kavango, both with 92 per cent. Khomas, Erongo and
Otjozondjupa regions reported the highest proportion of ownership with mortgage, 37, 22
and 13 per cent, respectively. Free occupancy is common in Otjozondjupa, Hardap and Karas
with 29, 26 and 26 per cent, respectively, while rented dwellings are prevalent in Erongo and
Khomas with 33 and 23 per cent, respectively.
Table 5.3
Households by type of tenure, region and urban/rural areas
Region Type of tenure % Total
Owned with no mortgage
Owned with
mortgage
Occupied
free Rented % Number
Caprivi 77.5 8.2 9.9 4.4 100 18 607
Erongo 34.5 21.9 9.6 34.0 100 27 713
Hardap 52.4 8.9 26.4 12.3 100 16 365
Karas 45.3 10.0 26.2 18.5 100 15 570
Kavango 91.8 1.6 2.9 3.7 100 32 354
Khomas 34.1 37.0 6.3 22.7 100 64 918
Kunene 68.0 1.6 22.2 8.1 100 13 365
Ohangwena 88.1 0.9 7.6 3.4 100 37 854
Omaheke 60.2 7.6 24.9 7.2 100 13 347
Omusati 92.0 0.2 4.6 3.1 100 39 248
Oshana 81.9 3.5 4.6 9.8 100 31 759
Oshikoto 80.6 3.1 10.2 6.1 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 39.6 13.1 29.0 18.4 100 28 707
Namibia 64.9 11.5 11.3 12.4 100 371 678
Urban 41.0 27.0 6.6 25.3 100 150 533
Rural 81.1 0.9 14.4 3.5 100 221 145
5.4 Source of energy
The following section describes the main sources of energy used by Namibian households
for cooking, heating and lighting. For cooking, 60 per cent of households reported that
they use wood or wood charcoal, compared to 29 per cent, which use electricity (Table
5.4.1). Gas or paraffi n is used by 6 and 4 per cent of households, respectively. In rural areas,
88 per cent of households, use wood or wood charcoal compared to 60 per cent of urban
households, which use electricity. In the regions of Omusati and Ohangwena 92 per cent of
households use wood or wood charcoal compared with 7 per cent in Khomas. In Erongo and
Khomas a total of 75 and 69 per cent, respectively use electricity compared to less than 5
per cent in Omusati and Ohangwena. In Oshana 9 per cent of households use animal dung
for cooking.
The use of solar energy for cooking, lighting and heating is very small as compared to the
uses of other sources of energy for the same purposes.
5 Housing and utilities
50 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 5.4.1
Households by source of energy for cooking, region and urban/rural areas
Region Source of energy for cooking % Total
Electricity Solar energy Gas Paraffi n
Wood
or wood
charcoal
Coal Animal dung % Number
Caprivi 7.3 0.1 2.0 1.1 89.3 0.1 - 100 18 607
Erongo 74.8 0.1 8.9 1.7 13.7 0.1 - 100 27 713
Hardap 41.2 0.3 5.3 0.4 52.4 0.1 - 100 16 365
Karas 31.7 - 29.3 4.2 33.3 0.9 - 100 15 570
Kavango 9.4 - 2.2 0.1 87.6 0.7 - 100 32 354
Khomas 69.4 - 6.1 17.0 7.4 0.1 - 100 64 918
Kunene 10.8 - 5.4 0.5 83.3 - - 100 13 365
Ohangwena 4.3 - 0.5 1.8 92.0 - 1.4 100 37 854
Omaheke 14.9 - 7.1 0.8 77.1 - - 100 13 347
Omusati 4.9 - 1.1 0.7 92.2 - 0.8 100 39 248
Oshana 13.7 - 10.6 7.4 59.4 0.1 8.7 100 31 759
Oshikoto 9.7 - 3.4 0.5 85.6 0.0 0.8 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 37.7 - 6.9 1.0 54.0 0.4 - 100 28 707
Namibia 28.8 0.0 5.8 4.4 59.6 0.2 1.0 100 371 678
Urban 60.4 - 11.5 10.1 17.7 0.2 - 100 150 533
Rural 7.4 0.0 2.0 0.6 88.0 0.2 1.7 100 221 145
The results of the survey show that candles and electricity as sources of energy for
lighting are reported by 38 and 36 per cent of households, respectively (Table 5.4.2). A
small percentage of households, 15 and 6 per cent use paraffi n or wood/wood charcoal,
respectively. In urban areas 70 per cent of households use electricity for lighting compared
to 13 per cent of rural households. Caprivi, Ohangwena and Kavango 72, 57 and 55 per
cent of households use candles, while Erongo and Khomas 78 and 72 per cent, respectively
use electricity.
The percentage of households that do not use electricity or gas as source of energy for
cooking has declined from 73 per cent in 1993/94 to 65 per cent in 2003/05 (Figure 5.4).
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 51
Figure 5.4
Percentage of households that do not use electricity or gas as source of energy for
cooking by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban Rural Total
1993/94
2003/04
Table 5.4.2
Households by source of energy for lighting, region and urban/rural areas.
Region Source of energy for lighting % Total
Electricity Solar energy Gas Paraffi n
Wood
or wood
charcoal
Candles Other None % Number
Caprivi 20.5 - - 6.8 0.3 71.7 0.6 0.2 100 18 607
Erongo 77.8 0.8 - 8.5 0.2 11.6 0.4 0.5 100 27 713
Hardap 54.1 1.1 0.1 13.0 0.6 30.9 - 0.2 100 16 365
Karas 53.8 2.6 0.4 14.9 0.7 27.6 - - 100 15 570
Kavango 15.6 - - 0.3 27.5 54.6 1.4 0.6 100 32 354
Khomas 71.9 0.1 0.6 6.4 0.2 20.8 0.1 - 100 64 918
Kunene 29.8 0.5 0.2 19.5 16.8 30.2 2.9 - 100 13 365
Ohangwena 4.8 0.2 - 19.3 13.5 56.7 4.9 0.6 100 37 854
Omaheke 27.2 1.0 - 29.6 0.9 28.6 8.2 4.5 100 13 347
Omusati 7.3 0.7 - 29.0 9.7 43.8 9.1 0.4 100 39 248
Oshana 24.4 0.3 0.3 21.7 2.8 49.3 0.8 0.4 100 31 759
Oshikoto 16.5 0.0 0.0 26.9 5.9 46.1 4.3 0.2 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 55.2 0.4 0.3 11.3 1.4 30.7 - 0.7 100 28 707
Namibia 36.4 0.4 0.2 15.1 6.4 38.4 2.5 0.5 100 371 678
Urban 70.9 0.0 0.3 5.4 0.2 23.0 0.1 0.1 100 150 533
Rural 13.0 0.7 0.1 21.8 10.6 48.9 4.2 0.7 100 221 145
The results reveal that 45 per cent of households nation-wide reported that they use wood
or wood charcoal for heating and 32 per cent use no source at all (Table 5.4.3). Electricity is
used in 19 per cent of households. Rural households, 68 per cent use wood or wood charcoal
compared to 13 per cent of urban households. Caprivi, Omusati and Oshikoto, 91, 88 and 81
per cent of households use wood or wood charcoal. Otjozondjupa, Hardap and Omaheke, 75,
67 and 51 per cent of households, respectively use no source of energy for heating. Khomas
and Erongo, 50 and 43 per cent of households, respectively use electricity for heating.
5 Housing and utilities
52 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 5.4.3
Households by source of energy for heating, region and urban/rural areas
Region Source of energy for heating % Total
Electricity Solar energy Gas Paraffi n
Wood
or wood
charcoal
Coal Animal dung Other None % Number
Caprivi 6.4 0.1 0.6 1.0 90.5 0.1 - 0.2 1.2 100 18 607
Erongo 43.1 0.3 1.9 0.7 6.3 - - 0.6 46.6 100 27 713
Hardap 18.5 0.3 - 0.2 12.9 1.4 - 0.2 66.5 100 16 365
Karas 27.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 38.3 2.3 - 0.3 30.6 100 15 570
Kavango 8.3 - 0.4 0.1 73.8 0.6 - 1.3 15.5 100 32 354
Khomas 49.7 0.1 0.6 2.2 9.5 0.2 - 0.3 37.4 100 64 918
Kunene 5.7 0.2 0.3 - 53.9 10.0 - 0.1 29.4 100 13 365
Ohangwena 1.6 - - 0.6 60.1 0.3 1.0 0.6 35.7 100 37 854
Omaheke 9.3 - 0.6 0.2 37.9 0.4 - 0.6 51.0 100 13 347
Omusati 4.7 - 1.1 0.4 87.9 0.1 0.6 0.3 5.0 100 39 248
Oshana 13.5 0.1 2.2 1.4 43.3 0.2 5.7 0.1 33.3 100 31 759
Oshikoto 9.7 0.3 1.0 0.1 80.9 0.1 0.3 1.0 6.6 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 7.8 - - 0.1 15.4 0.1 - 1.4 74.6 100 28 707
Namibia 18.7 0.1 0.7 0.8 45.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 31.9 100 371 678
Urban 40.0 0.0 1.3 1.6 12.9 0.4 - 0.7 42.8 100 150 533
Rural 4.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 68.1 0.9 1.1 0.5 24.4 100 221 145
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 53
5.5 Main source of drinking water
In Namibia, 75 per cent of households reported that piped water as their main source of
drinking water, 12 per cent borehole or protected well, 8 per cent stagnant water and 5 per
cent fl owing water (Table 5.5). A large percentage of urban households use piped water, 99 per
cent, compared to 58 per cent in rural households. Kavango, Caprivi and Ohangwena reported
the lowest percentages of piped water as their main source, 38, 44 and 46 per cent respectively
(Figure 5.5). Kavango reported the highest proportion of households using fl owing water as
main source of drinking water, 35 per cent.
Table 5.5 Households by main source of drinking water, region
and urban/rural areas
Region Source of drinking water % Total
Piped water
Boreholes/
protected
wells
Stagnant
water
Flowing
water
Other
source % Number
Caprivi 44.1 35.8 7.7 10.3 2.2 100 18 607
Erongo 93.2 5.5 0.5 - 0.8 100 27 713
Hardap 87.8 8.0 3.1 0.6 0.5 100 16 365
Karas 93.4 1.7 4.1 0.7 0.3 100 15 570
Kavango 38.0 22.6 4.1 35.1 0.3 100 32 354
Khomas 98.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 100 64 918
Kunene 59.6 22.9 9.8 5.3 2.4 100 13 365
Ohangwena 46.0 34.9 18.9 0.1 0.0 100 37 854
Omaheke 82.1 17.9 - - - 100 13 347
Omusati 60.7 10.7 19.2 9.2 0.1 100 39 248
Oshana 96.3 0.8 2.4 0.4 0.2 100 31 759
Oshikoto 70.4 7.2 21.8 - 0.6 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 92.0 6.3 1.1 0.2 0.4 100 28 707
Namibia 75.0 12.2 7.6 4.8 0.5 100 371 678
Urban 99.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 100 150 533
Rural 58.4 20.3 12.7 8.0 0.6 100 221 145
5 Housing and utilities
54 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 5.5
Percentage of households with access to piped water, by region
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Kavango
Caprivi
Ohangwena
Kunene
Omusati
Oshikoto
Namibia
Omaheke
Hardap
Otjozondjupa
Erongo
Karas
Oshana
Khomas
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 55
5.6 Toilet facilities
In Namibia, 37 per cent of households reported that fl ush toilet is the main toilet facility
used by the household, 8 per cent report use of a pit latrine, 1 per cent report use of bucket
toilet and 53 per cent, a majority use the bush/no toilet (Table 5.6). A large proportion of
urban households use fl ush toilet, 75 per cent, compared to rural households, 11 per cent.
Ohangwena, Caprivi and Omusati regions, 90, 85 and 83 per cent, respectively, reported that
they use bush/no toilet.
The proportion of households that use bush/no toilet has slightly declined nationally but has
almost doubled in urban areas (Figure 5.6). This is a refl ection of the increase of informal
settlements in urban areas.
Table 5.6
Households by toilet facility, region and urban/rural areas
Region Toilet facility % Total
Flush toilet Pit latrine Bucket toilet
Bush/no
toilet % Number
Caprivi 13.7 1.2 0.2 84.8 100 18 607
Erongo 84.1 4.9 0.6 9.5 100 27 713
Hardap 47.4 8.4 9.6 33.8 100 16 365
Karas 62.8 4.6 6.0 26.2 100 15 570
Kavango 10.2 9.8 0.3 79.2 100 32 354
Khomas 80.9 1.0 0.1 18.0 100 64 918
Kunene 28.0 5.2 1.0 64.7 100 13 365
Ohangwena 3.3 5.7 0.8 90.2 100 37 854
Omaheke 33.7 2.8 0.3 63.3 100 13 347
Omusati 5.3 11.1 - 83.0 100 39 248
Oshana 17.0 31.9 1.2 49.1 100 31 759
Oshikoto 16.2 11.4 1.6 70.8 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 52.4 8.4 1.8 36.7 100 28 707
Namibia 36.7 8.4 1.3 53.2 100 371 678
Urban 74.5 8.0 1.1 16.0 100 150 533
Rural 10.9 8.7 1.4 78.6 100 221 145
5 Housing and utilities
56 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 5.6
Percentage of households that use bush/no toilet by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-
2003/2004
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban Rural Total
1993/94
2003/04
5.7 Selected housing indicators
This section illustrates selected housing indicators for households in Namibia. The
indicators are improvised housing, cooking and lighting without electricity, gas or solar
energy, bucket, bush or no toilet and fl owing or stagnant source of drinking water.
At national level, 17 per cent of the households live in improvised dwelling units
(Table 5.7.1). The proportion is higher in urban than in rural areas, 27 and 10 per cent,
respectively.
About 65 per cent of households in the country use no electricity/gas for cooking and
63 per cent use no electricity for lighting. Close to 55 per cent of the households use the
bucket or bush as toilet and 13 per cent use fl owing or stagnant source of drinking water.
The selected indicators show that 80 per cent or more of the households in Caprivi,
Kavango, Ohangwena and Omusati, are cooking and lighting without electricity, gas or
solar energy. The same proportions in these regions use bucket or bush as toilet.
Omaheke, Hardap, Khomas and Karas regions reported the highest proportions of
households living in improvised dwelling units (42%, 38%, 29% and 29%).
5 Housing and utilities
Central Bureau of Statistics 57
Table 5.7.1
Households by selected housing indicators, region and urban/rural areas
Region Housing indicators %
Improvised
housing
Cooking
without
electricity,
gas or solar
Lighting
without
electricity,
gas or solar
Bucket or
bush/no
toilet
Flowing,
stagnant
source of
water
Total
number of
households
Caprivi 0.6 90.6 79.5 85.0 20.0 18 607
Erongo 27.3 16.2 21.1 10.1 0.7 27 713
Hardap 37.6 53.3 44.6 43.4 4.2 16 365
Karas 28.7 38.9 43.2 32.2 5.0 15 570
Kavango 2.6 88.5 84.4 79.5 39.4 32 354
Khomas 29.2 24.5 27.4 18.0 0.0 64 918
Kunene 18.4 83.8 69.5 65.7 17.6 13 365
Ohangwena 3.1 95.2 95.0 91.0 19.1 37 854
Omaheke 41.5 78.0 71.9 63.6 - 13 347
Omusati 1.9 94.0 92.0 83.0 28.4 39 248
Oshana 13.7 75.7 75.0 50.2 2.9 31 759
Oshikoto 5.2 86.8 83.4 72.4 22.5 31 871
Otjozondjupa 27.0 55.4 44.2 38.5 1.6 28 707
Namibia 16.6 65.3 62.9 54.5 12.8 371 678
Urban 26.5 28.1 28.8 17.1 0.3 150 533
Rural 9.9 90.6 86.2 79.9 21.2 221 145
In Table 5.7.2 households are presented by selected housing indicators and percentile groups
and deciles after adjusted per capita income. There is a negative correlation between income
and housing indicators. For example, as household income increases, the use of bucket or
bush as toilet decreases. The same pattern occurs for cooking and lighting without electricity,
gas or solar and use of a fl owing or stagnant source of drinking water. However, there is no
clear correlation between improvised housing and income levels.
5 Housing and utilities
58 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 5.7.2
Households by selected housing indicators and percentile group after adjusted per
capita income
Percentile
group
Deciles
Housing indicators %
Improvised
housing
Cooking without
electricity, gas
or solar
Lighting
without
electricity, gas
or solar
Bucket or
bush/no
toilet
Flowing,
stagnant
source of
water
Total
number of
households
Percentiles
1-25 18.9 94.8 92.0 84.3 20.9 92 985
26-50 17.7 84.4 81.2 72.4 17.6 92 897
51-75 21.3 62.5 60.1 48.6 10.2 92 925
76-90 13.1 28.7 27.0 18.7 3.7 55 706
91-95 3.2 8.2 8.4 5.4 0.6 18 584
96-98 0.8 2.4 2.9 1.8 0.1 11 195
99-100 - 4.6 1.6 1.1 - 7 386
Total 16.6 65.3 62.9 54.5 12.8 371 678
Deciles
1 23.8 95.4 92.2 85.8 23.9 37 191
2 16.7 94.7 91.7 83.8 18.4 37 243
3 15.5 91.7 89.4 80.2 18.9 37 114
4 17.3 85.2 81.9 73.7 17.0 37 175
5 18.0 81.1 77.8 68.3 17.9 37 160
6 19.6 71.8 69.2 58.0 11.9 37 158
7 23.3 59.8 60.2 47.2 10.3 37 143
8 18.6 45.0 39.6 29.4 6.4 37 198
9 11.3 22.6 21.8 15.0 2.4 37 132
10 1.9 5.7 5.4 3.5 0.3 37 166
6 Distance to services
Central Bureau of Statistics 59
6 Access to services
The welfare of households can be measured partly by access to various amenities and
facilities. A key element of access is distance. This chapter reports on the results from the
NHIES on the location of households in terms of distance to key private and public services,
including drinking water, health and educational facilities, shops and markets, post offi ce,
police stations and magistrate courts. Households were asked about the walking distance
in kilometres to these services or how long it would take to walk there (later converted
into kilometres). The results show that in general most households in Namibia have these
services within a few kilometres. However, as is the case throughout the survey national
averages have a tendency to mask differences between urban and rural areas, and between
the 13 regions. The urbanised regions of Erongo and Khomas stand out as regions where
most households have relatively short distance to the various services. Conversely regions
such as Kunene and Omaheke and other rural regions have large proportions of households
that have to travel long distances to these services.
6.1 Distance to drinking water
The NHIES reported that 65 per cent of households have a distance of less than 1 kilometre
to their source of drinking water (Table 6.1.1) Small percentages of households, 20 and 8
per cent, have up to 1 or up to 2 kilometres, respectively in distance between the household
and the source of drinking water. Out of all households 7 per cent have a distance of 3
kilometres or more. Among urban households 96 per cent have a distance of less than 1
kilometre to the source of drinking water, whereas 56 per cent of rural households have 1
or more kilometres and 11 per cent have more than 3 kilometres. In the regions of Khomas,
Erongo and Otzondjupa 97, 94 and 91 per cent of households, respectively have a distance
of less than 1 kilometre between the household and its source of drinking water. In the
regions of Kavango, Ohangwena and Oshikoto the share of households where the distance to
the source of drinking water is 3 kilometres or higher is 19, 14 and 13 per cent respectively
(Figure 6.1.1).
There is a strong relationship between the income level of the household and the distance to
source of drinking water; the higher the income the closer the drinking water source is to the
household (Table 6.1.2). The 25 per cent of households with the lowest incomes (represented
by the 1-25 percentile) 42 per cent travel less than 1 kilometre to the source of drinking water.
The 2 per cent households with the highest incomes (represented by the 99-100 percentile)
virtually all households are less than 1 kilometre to the source of drinking water.
6 Distance to services
60 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 6.1.1
Households by distance to drinking water, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to drinking water Total
0 1 2 3 4-5 6-10 >10 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 63.1 23.5 8.5 3.9 0.6 0.4 - 100 18 607
Erongo 94.0 4.5 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 - 100 27 713
Hardap 86.6 10.5 2.0 - - 0.9 - 100 16 365
Karas 91.3 7.0 1.0 0.2 - 0.5 - 100 15 570
Kavango 31.7 31.2 17.9 6.3 6.6 5.5 0.8 100 32 354
Khomas 97.0 2.9 0.1 - - 0.0 - 100 64 918
Kunene 67.5 19.6 4.7 3.7 2.6 1.3 0.6 100 13 365
Ohangwena 25.3 42.7 18.0 3.6 7.1 2.9 0.2 100 37 854
Omaheke 84.9 12.2 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 - 100 13 347
Omusati 28.0 47.3 14.0 5.2 3.9 1.7 - 100 39 248
Oshana 64.0 22.3 7.4 2.9 2.4 1.0 0.1 100 31 759
Oshikoto 45.7 21.6 20.0 1.0 6.8 4.3 0.5 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 91.3 6.0 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.1 - 100 28 707
Namibia 64.9 20.2 8.1 2.3 2.7 1.6 0.2 100 371 678
Urban 96.0 3.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 - - 100 150 533
Rural 43.8 31.5 13.4 3.8 4.5 2.6 0.3 100 221 145
Figure 6.1.1
Households by distance to drinking water and region
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ohangwena
Omusati
Kavango
Oshikoto
Caprivi
Oshana
NAMIBIA
Kunene
Omaheke
Hardap
Otjozondjupa
Karas
Erongo
Khomas
0 km
1-2 km
3->10 km
6 Distance to services
Central Bureau of Statistics 61
Table 6.1.2
Households by distance to drinking water sources and percentile group
after adjusted per capita income
Percentile
group Distance in km to drinking water Total
number of
households
Deciles 0 1-5 6-10 >10 Total
Per cent of households
Percentiles
1-25 42.3 54.7 2.6 0.3 100 92 985
26-50 52.5 45.4 1.8 0.3 100 92 897
51-75 71.9 26.4 1.6 0.1 100 92 925
76-90 90.2 9.3 0.5 - 100 55 706
91-95 95.4 4.5 - - 100 18 584
96-98 99.7 0.3 - - 100 11 195
99-100 100 - - - 100 7 386
Total 64.9 33.3 1.6 0.2 100 371 678
Deciles
1 45.4 51.6 2.3 0.5 100 37 191
2 40.9 55.7 2.9 0.3 100 37 243
3 43.2 54.9 1.8 0.2 100 37 114
4 50.5 47.3 2.0 0.2 100 37 175
5 56.9 40.7 2.1 0.3 100 37 160
6 66.0 32.0 1.9 0.2 100 37 158
7 73.1 25.6 1.2 - 100 37 143
8 82.2 16.4 1.3 - 100 37 198
9 93.6 6.1 0.2 - 100 37 132
10 97.6 2.4 - - 100 37 166
6.2 Distance to health facilities
The survey results revealed that 30 per cent of households in Namibia are less than 1
kilometre to the nearest hospital or clinic and 34 per cent are between 2 and 5 kilometres
(Table 6.2). However, 7 per cent are more than 40 kilometres. Urban households are shorter
distances than households in rural areas. Khomas, Erongo and Oshana regions are the three
regions with the highest proportions of households, which are less than 5 kilometres to a
hospital or clinic. On the other hand, Ohangwena, Omaheke and Oshikoto regions reported
high proportions of households, which are more than 6 kilometres to a health facility (Figure
6.2).
6 Distance to services
62 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 6.2
Households by distance to hospital/clinic, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to hospital/clinic Total
0-1 2-5 6-10 11-25 26-40 >40 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 26.0 40.0 18.0 13.8 2.2 0.3 100 18 607
Erongo 57.3 30.0 3.0 5.4 2.7 2.4 100 27 713
Hardap 30.8 33.0 5.0 10.9 4.4 15.9 100 16 365
Karas 47.8 23.0 1.0 2.3 8.6 16.6 100 15 570
Kavango 29.1 41.0 11.0 14.1 3.2 1.8 100 32 354
Khomas 48.7 40.0 4.0 3.7 1.5 2.4 100 64 918
Kunene 28.2 14.0 5.0 16.8 8.3 27.0 100 13 365
Ohangwena 4.5 26.0 37.0 26.4 3.0 3.7 100 37 854
Omaheke 23.0 14.0 7.0 11.6 7.3 37.1 100 13 347
Omusati 16.3 41.0 24.0 13.2 3.7 2.2 100 39 248
Oshana 23.1 51.0 16.0 8.4 0.6 - 100 31 759
Oshikoto 13.2 26.0 28.0 20.1 3.1 9.5 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 36.3 29.0 6.0 7.5 4.0 17.6 100 28 707
Namibia 29.9 34.0 14.0 11.7 3.3 7.2 100 371 678
Urban 55.0 42.0 2.0 0.3 - 0.0 100 150 533
Rural 12.8 28.0 22.0 19.4 5.5 12.1 100 221 145
Figure 6.2
Households by distance to hospital/clinic and region
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ohangwena
Oshikoto
Omusati
Omaheke
Oshana
Caprivi
Kunene
Kavango
NAMIBIA
Hardap
Otjozondjupa
Karas
Khomas
Erongo
0-1km
2-5km
6->40km
6 Distance to services
Central Bureau of Statistics 63
6.3 Distance to public transport
The survey results show that over 58 per cent of all households are less than 1 kilometre to
public transportation, whereas 21 per cent of households are between 2 and 5 kilometres (Table
6.3). Close to 8 per cent of households in Namibia are more than 21 kilometres. Nearly all
households in urban areas are within 5 kilometres to public transportation compared to 66 per
cent of households in rural areas. Khomas, Oshana and Erongo have the highest proportions
of households, which are less than 5 kilometres to public transportation with 96, 93 and 92 per
cent, respectively. Omaheke, Hardap and Kunene regions have large proportions of households
with more than 21 kilometres to public transport, (39%, 21% and 21%) respectively.
Table 6.3
Households by distance to public transport, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to public transport Total
0-1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households Households
Caprivi 66.3 23.2 6.9 3.2 0.3 0.1 100 18 607
Erongo 82.7 8.9 1.7 2.6 3.2 1.0 100 27 713
Hardap 40.1 24.8 5.8 7.9 8.8 12.6 100 16 365
Karas 69.3 6.7 2.1 2.0 9.5 10.3 100 15 570
Kavango 67.4 11.4 4.8 7.4 6.5 2.4 100 32 354
Khomas 90.7 5.0 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.0 100 64 918
Kunene 29.3 30.4 6.7 12.8 3.5 17.3 100 13 365
Ohangwena 22.9 39.2 15.3 17.1 5.1 0.4 100 37 854
Omaheke 51.2 1.9 2.4 5.9 15.9 22.7 100 13 347
Omusati 35.5 41.7 11.6 7.1 3.9 0.2 100 39 248
Oshana 66.2 26.4 4.1 1.6 1.7 - 100 31 759
Oshikoto 30.5 38.2 20.5 6.3 3.6 0.9 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 68.7 12.4 7.0 4.1 4.7 3.1 100 28 707
Namibia 58.4 21.1 7.1 5.8 4.3 3.3 100 371 678
Urban 90.5 9.4 0.1 - 0.0 - 100 150 533
Rural 36.6 29.1 11.9 9.8 7.2 5.5 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
64 Central Bureau of Statistics
6.4 Distance to local shop or market
The NHIES reported that 79 per cent of households in Namibia are within 5 kilometres to the
nearest local shop or market (Table 6.4). In urban areas 80 per cent of households are within
1 kilometre to a local shop or market compared to 36 per cent of households in rural areas.
Erongo and Khomas reported the highest proportions of households, which are less than 1
kilometre to a local shop or market with 78 and 72 per cent, respectively. On the other hand,
Kunene, Omaheke and Hardap reported the largest proportion of households with more than
21 kilometres to the nearest local shop or market with 28, 26 and 19 per cent, respectively.
Table 6.4
Households by distance to local shop/market, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to local shop/market Total
0-1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 50.2 35.8 6.7 3.8 2.5 1.0 100 18 607
Erongo 78.2 11.2 2.2 3.9 4.0 0.5 100 27 713
Hardap 53.3 15.9 6.1 6.1 8.3 10.2 100 16 365
Karas 67.9 11.4 1.7 1.8 7.5 9.5 100 15 570
Kavango 53.0 26.5 7.3 6.4 4.0 2.9 100 32 354
Khomas 72.1 21.9 1.0 1.6 2.1 1.3 100 64 918
Kunene 46.4 11.8 5.6 8.3 12.2 15.4 100 13 365
Ohangwena 21.1 34.1 18.7 19.1 3.4 3.7 100 37 854
Omaheke 57.0 3.9 3.7 9.2 17.6 8.5 100 13 347
Omusati 45.0 38.5 10.3 4.6 0.6 0.9 100 39 248
Oshana 47.1 34.6 8.6 4.0 3.9 1.8 100 31 759
Oshikoto 45.0 37.6 9.8 2.5 2.6 2.2 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 60.0 14.9 5.4 4.1 5.7 9.9 100 28 707
Namibia 53.9 25.4 7.0 5.6 4.3 3.8 100 371 678
Urban 79.9 19.5 0.6 0.0 - - 100 150 533
Rural 36.2 29.4 11.3 9.4 7.2 6.5 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
Central Bureau of Statistics 65
6.5 Distance to primary school
Close to 46 per cent of households in Namibia reported that they are less than 1 kilometre
to the nearest primary school, whereas 28 per cent of households are between 2 and 3
kilometres of distance (Table 6.5). Fewer than 8 per cent of households in Namibia are
more than 21 kilometres to the nearest primary school. In urban areas 66 per cent of
households are within 1 kilometre of a primary school compared to 32 per cent of rural
households. In rural areas, 19 per cent of households are 11 kilometres or more to the
nearest primary school. The regions of Erongo, Karas, Khomas and Kavango have highest
proportions of households with less than 1 kilometre to a primary school with 66, 64, 53
and 52 per cent, respectively. In the regions of Omaheke, Kunene and Otjozondjupa the
proportion of households with more than 21 kilometres to the nearest primary school is
40, 24 and 23 per cent respectively.
Table 6.5
Households by distance to primary school, region urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to primary school Total
0-1 2-3 4-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 43.1 35.4 11.6 7.3 2.4 0.2 - 100 18 607
Erongo 65.5 19.2 2.5 3.1 4.4 4.4 1.0 100 27 713
Hardap 48.9 17.6 1.4 5.6 6.7 9.6 10.3 100 16 365
Karas 64.1 12.6 1.8 1.7 1.9 7.8 9.8 100 15 570
Kavango 51.7 28.9 8.8 6.2 2.0 1.0 1.4 100 32 354
Khomas 53.0 33.7 5.7 1.3 2.0 2.6 1.7 100 64 918
Kunene 42.4 11.0 3.9 7.9 10.9 13.5 10.0 100 13 365
Ohangwena 23.9 38.9 23.5 9.4 3.1 1.2 - 100 37 854
Omaheke 37.3 4.2 1.0 6.3 11.4 18.6 21.2 100 13 347
Omusati 34.0 39.2 16.2 7.0 1.9 1.5 0.2 100 39 248
Oshana 45.8 35.9 13.0 5.2 0.1 - - 100 31 759
Oshikoto 37.4 30.1 14.6 8.7 2.0 1.9 5.3 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 49.7 15.9 3.7 3.3 4.9 9.6 12.9 100 28 707
Namibia 45.5 28.4 9.6 5.3 3.2 4.0 3.9 100 371 678
Urban 65.8 29.1 4.0 1.0 0.1 - - 100 150 533
Rural 31.7 28.0 13.4 8.2 5.3 6.7 6.6 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
66 Central Bureau of Statistics
6.6 Distance to high school
In NHIES 21 per cent of households reported that they are less than 1 kilometre to the
nearest high (secondary) school, whereas 20 per cent of households are between 2 and 3
kilometres of distance (Table 6.6). Close to 28 per cent of households in Namibia are more
than 21 kilometres.
In urban areas 44 per cent of households are within 1 kilometre of a high school compared
to just 5 per cent of rural households. Fewer than 65 per cent of rural households have 11
kilometres or more to the nearest high school, and 25 per cent have more than 50 kilometres.
The regions of Erongo, Khomas, Karas and Otjozondjupa have highest proportions of
households with less than 1 kilometre to a high school with 49, 33, 32 and 30 per cent,
respectively. Omaheke and Kunene reported that 65 and 48 per cent of households are more
than 50 kilometres to the nearest high school.
Table 6.6
Households by distance to high school, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to high school Total
0-1 2-3 4-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 17.9 23.2 9.0 15.4 12.2 17.6 4.8 100 18 607
Erongo 49.4 23.2 4.1 3.6 5.2 4.7 9.9 100 27 713
Hardap 24.3 25.4 1.6 4.4 4.1 6.2 34.0 100 16 365
Karas 32.0 18.7 1.6 0.9 1.5 5.1 39.6 100 15 570
Kavango 14.4 13.6 9.2 12.3 13.7 24.9 11.9 100 32 354
Khomas 33.0 43.5 11.5 4.8 1.9 2.2 3.1 100 64 918
Kunene 11.7 18.6 3.1 1.1 7.1 10.1 47.5 100 13 365
Ohangwena 3.2 7.7 3.4 22.2 25.2 21.2 16.8 100 37 854
Omaheke 17.4 10.0 1.0 0.7 2.2 3.4 65.3 100 13 347
Omusati 8.9 7.6 10.1 24.6 25.3 18.3 5.0 100 39 248
Oshana 14.2 22.8 16.0 16.4 19.1 10.8 0.8 100 31 759
Oshikoto 11.9 7.2 7.3 20.6 22.1 22.2 8.7 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 30.1 18.2 4.2 4.7 0.7 6.8 35.2 100 28 707
Namibia 20.9 20.2 7.6 11.7 11.9 12.2 15.5 100 371 678
Urban 44.4 39.8 9.2 3.8 0.4 0.1 2.1 100 150 533
Rural 4.8 6.8 6.5 17.0 19.8 20.4 24.6 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
Central Bureau of Statistics 67
6.7 Distance to combined school
The NHIES reveals that 19 per cent of households have less than 1 kilometre to a combined
school, i.e. school with both primary and secondary levels of education, whereas 28 per cent
of households are between 2 and 3 kilometres (Table 6.7). About 23 per cent of households in
Namibia are more than 21 kilometres.
In urban areas 24 per cent of households are within 1 kilometre to a combined school compared
to 16 per cent of rural households. Over 34 per cent of rural households are 11 kilometres or
more to the nearest combined school, of which 20 per cent are more than 50 kilometres.
Oshana, Oshikoto and Caprivi have highest proportions of households with less than 1
kilometre to a combined school with 39, 28 and 27 per cent, respectively. On the other hand,
Omaheke, Hardap and Kunene the proportion of households that are more than 21 kilometres
to the nearest combined school is 91, 88 and 74 per cent respectively.
Table 6.7
Households by distance to combined school, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to combined school Total
0-1 2-3 4-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 27.0 30.0 15.6 16.4 9.0 1.7 0.3 100 18 607
Erongo 9.6 28.8 17.0 1.8 2.5 13.5 26.1 100 27 713
Hardap 5.5 2.2 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.4 85.0 100 16 365
Karas 18.9 10.4 0.5 3.0 1.3 6.6 56.8 100 15 570
Kavango 21.0 24.1 8.6 12.0 15.5 13.5 5.1 100 32 354
Khomas 20.0 37.4 18.8 13.1 3.0 2.6 3.2 100 64 918
Kunene 8.7 7.4 2.4 2.3 3.7 17.2 57.1 100 13 365
Ohangwena 13.9 34.5 26.2 17.0 5.2 2.6 0.5 100 37 854
Omaheke 6.6 - - 0.3 2.0 4.3 86.7 100 13 347
Omusati 18.5 32.5 20.5 19.9 5.0 2.7 0.9 100 39 248
Oshana 38.6 38.7 14.9 7.3 0.3 0.3 - 100 31 759
Oshikoto 27.7 27.6 15.9 11.4 8.1 2.9 6.3 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 15.2 26.0 8.4 2.7 1.9 8.5 37.4 100 28 707
Namibia 19.2 27.7 14.3 10.2 4.7 5.4 17.8 100 371 678
Urban 23.7 35.2 14.0 7.5 1.1 2.7 14.8 100 150 533
Rural 16.2 22.6 14.5 12.0 7.2 7.2 19.9 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
68 Central Bureau of Statistics
6.8 Distance to post offi ce
The post offi ce is an important public service that facilitates communication, fi nancial and other
types of transactions for the household. The survey reported that 18 per cent of households
that they are less than 1 kilometre to the nearest post offi ce 30 per cent of households are
between 2 and 5 kilometres and 27 per cent are over 21 kilometres (Table 6.8). In urban areas
36 per cent of households reported that they are within 1 kilometre to a post offi ce compared
to 5 per cent of rural households. Over 67 per cent of rural households are 11 kilometres or
more to the nearest post offi ce and 24 per cent are more than 50 kilometres.
Erongo, Karas and Khomas have highest proportions of households with less than 1 kilometre
to a post offi ce with 52, 33 and 30 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, Omaheke,
Kavango and Kunene the proportion of households with more than 21 kilometres to a post
offi ce is 57, 55 and 52 per cent respectively.
Table 6.8
Households by distance to post offi ce, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to post offi ce Total
0-1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 13.6 28.2 10.6 14.1 18.2 14.8 100 18 607
Erongo 51.7 33.5 1.6 4.1 3.9 5.1 100 27 713
Hardap 20.1 35.9 4.6 7.5 13.0 18.5 100 16 365
Karas 32.5 37.9 3.4 1.6 11.1 12.9 100 15 570
Kavango 6.5 13.9 9.6 15.4 27.0 27.7 100 32 354
Khomas 30.2 52.4 9.3 2.6 3.3 2.2 100 64 918
Kunene 11.0 27.6 0.7 8.7 9.3 42.6 100 13 365
Ohangwena 4.7 7.3 18.0 28.6 17.0 24.3 100 37 854
Omaheke 14.8 20.6 3.0 4.4 9.0 48.0 100 13 347
Omusati 7.1 15.2 22.7 23.6 23.4 7.8 100 39 248
Oshana 11.9 37.2 19.3 16.9 11.9 2.9 100 31 759
Oshikoto 5.1 23.8 22.7 28.4 12.7 7.2 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 18.7 39.7 6.3 3.0 8.2 24.0 100 28 707
Namibia 17.7 29.8 11.9 13.2 12.8 14.5 100 371 678
Urban 35.7 57.0 6.5 0.6 0.2 - 100 150 533
Rural 5.4 11.3 15.6 21.7 21.3 24.4 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
Central Bureau of Statistics 69
6.9 Distance to police station
The NHIES reveals that 21 per cent of households in Namibia are within 1 kilometre to the
nearest police station, 32 per cent of households are between 2 and 5 kilometres and 23 per
cent are more than 21 kilometres (Table 6.9).
In urban areas 40 per cent of households are within 1 kilometre to a police station compared
to 8 per cent of rural households. Nearly 58 per cent of rural households are 11 kilometres or
more to the nearest police station of which 17 per cent are more than 50 kilometres.
Erongo, Karas and Khomas have highest proportions of households within 1 kilometre to a
police station with 56, 35 and 31 per cent, respectively. In the regions of Omaheke, Kavango
and Kunene the proportion of households with more than 21 kilometres to a police station is
57, 51 and 47 per cent respectively.
Table 6.9
Households by distance to police station, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to police station Total
0-1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 15.7 41.0 12.9 15.4 7.0 7.6 100 18 607
Erongo 56.1 30.2 2.0 4.8 5.3 1.6 100 27 713
Hardap 19.7 36.1 4.4 7.4 12.6 19.5 100 16 365
Karas 34.8 34.7 3.7 0.9 11.3 13.9 100 15 570
Kavango 9.3 14.8 9.7 15.0 29.4 21.9 100 32 354
Khomas 30.8 53.5 8.8 2.4 2.9 1.7 100 64 918
Kunene 10.0 31.8 1.1 9.8 14.5 32.6 100 13 365
Ohangwena 6.0 15.1 28.2 26.5 13.5 10.6 100 37 854
Omaheke 18.6 16.8 3.0 4.7 10.8 46.1 100 13 347
Omusati 12.5 23.7 23.2 18.3 17.5 4.8 100 39 248
Oshana 17.6 42.5 18.6 13.5 7.1 0.7 100 31 759
Oshikoto 12.3 18.1 17.2 23.3 22.3 6.8 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 26.9 34.5 7.1 5.5 12.4 13.5 100 28 707
Namibia 21.1 31.6 12.6 11.9 12.4 10.2 100 371 678
Urban 40.4 53.2 5.8 0.5 0.1 - 100 150 533
Rural 7.9 16.9 17.2 19.8 20.9 17.2 100 221 145
6 Distance to services
70 Central Bureau of Statistics
6.10 Distance to magistrate court
The survey reported that 10 per cent of households are within 1 kilometre to the nearest
magistrate court, 29 per cent are between 2 and 5 kilometres and 40 per cent are more than
21 kilometres (Table 6.10).
In urban areas, 22 per cent of households are within 1 kilometre of a magistrate court
compared to 2 per cent of rural households. Nearly 82 per cent of rural households are 11
kilometres or more to the nearest magistrate court of which 40 per cent are more than 50
kilometres.
Karas, Erongo and Hardap have highest proportions of households within 1 kilometre to
a magistrate court with 24, 21 and 19 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, Omaheke,
Omusati and Oshikoto the proportion of households with more than 21 kilometres to a
magistrate court is 69, 66 and 65 per cent respectively.
It should be noted that because of conceptual problems the survey does not report on
traditional courts, which are used in many communities.
Table 6.10
Households by distance to magistrate court, region and urban/rural areas
Region Distance in km to magistrate Court Total
0-1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 >50 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi 5.9 26.3 10.7 6.2 17.0 33.6 100 18 607
Erongo 21.2 54.3 2.3 3.6 3.2 15.2 100 27 713
Hardap 19.3 35.4 4.2 5.4 9.0 26.3 100 16 365
Karas 23.7 35.7 1.1 1.8 5.1 31.8 100 15 570
Kavango 9.1 13.0 10.6 10.8 25.8 30.7 100 32 354
Khomas 12.3 57.7 20.1 4.2 3.1 2.5 100 64 918
Kunene 10.4 27.3 0.7 8.3 8.7 44.4 100 13 365
Ohangwena 1.1 3.7 17.4 20.1 32.0 25.8 100 37 854
Omaheke 6.7 21.2 1.3 1.1 1.8 67.6 100 13 347
Omusati 4.0 8.0 7.8 14.1 33.5 32.7 100 39 248
Oshana 10.3 31.6 20.9 20.1 14.3 2.9 100 31 759
Oshikoto 2.6 11.2 8.2 13.4 23.4 41.1 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa 16.1 36.6 5.9 2.1 10.8 28.4 100 28 707
Namibia 10.1 29.1 11.0 9.5 15.7 24.5 100 371 678
Urban 22.1 62.7 12.1 1.4 0.3 1.3 100 150 533
Rural 2.0 6.2 10.2 15.0 26.2 40.3 100 221 145
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 71
7 Ownership of and access to assets
The chapter presents results from the survey related to households ownership of and access to
assets. The results reveal disparities between urban and rural areas, regions, sex of the head of
households, levels of household income, and educational attainment of head of household.
7.1 Ownership of/access to selected assets
In the survey 71 per cent of households reported that they own a radio, 13 per cent reported
access to a radio (Table 7.1.1). Access to a radio is higher in urban areas where 79 per cent of
households own a radio compared to 66 per cent in rural areas. The regions of Erongo, Karas
and Khomas reported the highest proportions of households that own a radio.
Household ownership of and access to television was reported to be 29 and 10 per cent,
respectively. The proportion of households owning a TV is higher in urban areas, where 57 per
cent of households reported to own a TV compared to 10 per cent in rural areas. The regions of
Khomas and Erongo have the highest proportions of households, which own a TV. Ohangwena
and Omusati regions have the highest proportions of households that have no access to a TV.
In all 34 per cent of households reported in the survey that they own a telephone or cell phone.
In urban areas 60 per cent of households own a telephone or cell phone compared to 15 per
cent in rural areas.
In the survey 19 per cent of the households reported that they own motor vehicles, whereas 28
per cent of households report that they have access. The proportion of households that own a
motor vehicle is higher in urban than in rural areas.
The results also show ownership and access to other items such as refrigerators, sewing/knitting
machine, donkey/ox cart, bicycle, plough, tractor among others.
7 Ownership of and access to assets
72 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.1.1
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets, region and urban/rural areas
Region Ownership/ Selected assets %
access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
cell machine
phone
Caprivi Owns 59.0 26.2 17.5 19.2 7.2 4.7 6.4 2.0 13.8 35.9 0.6
18 607 Has access 14.3 6.3 11.5 1.7 0.3 2.3 2.8 2.0 7.2 30.5 18.9
No access 26.4 67.4 70.8 78.9 92.1 92.4 90.4 95.0 78.4 33.5 79.7
Erongo Owns 85.2 53.5 61.0 58.0 39.3 20.4 27.8 5.4 23.4 2.4 1.0
27 713 Has access 8.5 21.0 23.2 18.4 20.9 6.4 19.3 7.2 16.0 7.0 3.2
No access 6.2 24.4 15.3 23.1 39.8 72.9 52.8 87.3 59.5 90.0 94.8
Hardap Owns 75.2 35.1 32.3 39.5 19.2 21.5 21.6 20.2 19.0 0.5 2.3
16 365 Has access 10.3 13.0 46.7 8.6 5.2 2.3 37.4 5.7 5.4 1.3 2.0
No access 14.3 51.9 21.0 51.9 75.5 75.7 40.9 73.8 75.5 98.1 95.5
Karas Owns 82.9 40.2 46.6 45.5 30.6 19.4 24.4 11.8 24.9 4.3 1.7
15 570 Has access 10.2 20.2 34.5 13.8 12.9 6.1 35.5 6.9 13.4 3.2 5.8
No access 7.0 39.5 18.9 40.7 56.5 74.4 39.9 81.3 61.5 92.5 92.6
Kavango Owns 60.9 14.2 12.2 11.8 5.8 4.3 6.6 3.3 7.0 33.8 0.5
32 354 Has access 24.9 13.9 26.4 4.7 3.3 4.6 15.7 11.2 10.6 26.8 4.2
No access 14.0 71.5 61.0 83.0 90.5 90.8 77.1 84.9 82.0 39.1 94.7
Khomas Owns 79.5 60.0 66.0 67.1 43.3 19.2 38.5 4.3 16.7 6.9 1.8
64 918 Has access 8.0 9.4 24.8 5.9 4.2 2.5 31.5 2.8 5.9 3.9 4.1
No access 12.2 30.0 9.1 26.9 52.3 77.5 29.7 92.1 75.7 88.7 93.2
Kunene Owns 63.4 17.7 20.8 18.3 12.0 26.4 11.9 20.7 7.9 7.0 0.7
13 365 Has access 20.4 22.9 44.4 17.1 14.1 17.8 40.5 28.0 13.3 24.2 15.1
No access 16.2 59.2 34.5 64.3 73.6 55.6 47.3 51.2 78.5 68.5 83.7
Ohangwena Owns 61.3 6.2 16.0 4.2 2.8 10.8 6.9 0.9 10.4 42.3 0.5
37 854 Has access 13.3 4.5 28.9 2.9 1.4 6.7 18.6 2.8 5.6 24.2 24.2
No access 25.4 89.2 55.1 92.9 95.7 82.5 74.5 96.3 84.0 33.5 75.2
Omaheke Owns 62.6 20.4 20.0 26.1 12.2 25.5 22.3 22.0 7.8 4.3 4.2
13 347 Has access 21.6 5.8 52.1 5.7 2.3 2.3 40.8 29.1 0.6 2.5 5.9
No access 15.9 73.8 28.0 68.2 85.5 72.0 36.9 48.9 91.6 93.2 89.9
Omusati Owns 67.9 7.3 17.1 3.3 6.6 12.3 8.8 14.9 23.9 58.7 0.6
39 248 Has access 17.6 6.6 36.0 7.4 7.9 16.4 40.6 4.3 6.9 10.6 21.9
No access 14.3 85.6 46.3 89.0 85.2 70.7 50.0 80.4 68.7 30.4 77.1
Oshana Owns 78.6 23.9 37.2 23.1 17.6 18.9 18.4 6.3 15.5 20.7 0.8
31 759 Has access 8.6 7.1 38.5 1.2 0.6 7.7 44.4 1.8 2.6 14.4 31.5
No access 12.7 68.8 24.1 75.3 81.3 72.9 36.9 91.6 81.7 64.6 67.5
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 73
Table 7.1.1 continued
Region Ownership/ Selected assets %
access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
cell machine
phone
31 871 Has access 15.4 7.5 53.9 1.5 1.2 5.8 20.6 19.7 3.1 19.1 8.2
No access 15.2 79.7 28.0 86.3 87.9 78.7 68.9 65.5 87.7 41.5 90.3
Otjozondjupa Owns 72.1 39.0 32.6 42.3 19.7 19.5 19.7 5.5 20.3 3.5 2.3
28 707 Has access 7.3 8.6 34.8 4.4 1.7 1.5 24.0 3.8 3.5 3.9 6.1
No access 20.4 52.1 32.0 52.7 77.9 78.6 56.0 90.4 75.7 92.2 91.2
Namibia Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
Urban Owns 78.8 56.7 60.4 61.2 37.4 18.2 30.3 3.1 19.5 6.1 0.9
150 533 Has access 8.8 13.7 26.7 8.5 7.4 5.0 28.3 3.2 8.0 5.1 4.2
No access 12.3 29.0 12.6 30.0 54.9 76.2 41.2 93.2 71.5 88.3 94.2
Rural Owns 66.4 10.4 15.2 9.2 6.9 14.3 10.5 11.9 13 33.9 1.5
221 145 Has access 16.1 7.9 37.7 4.9 3.8 7 28 10.5 6.1 18.3 17.3
No access 17.4 81.5 46.9 85.6 89.1 78.3 61.2 77.3 80.6 47.6 80.9
7 Ownership of and access to assets
74 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.1.2
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets, urban/rural areas
and sex of head of household
Urban/rural Ownership/ Selected assets %
Sex of head access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
cell machine
phone
Urban
Female Owns 74.5 55.8 56.7 60.4 34.6 18.0 19.1 2.3 13.3 4.2 0.7
56 671 Has access 11.4 13.7 30.8 8.3 7.3 6.7 31.8 3.1 8.1 4.5 4.2
No access 13.9 29.9 12.3 31.1 57.7 75.0 48.7 94.2 77.9 91.1 94.6
Male Owns 81.4 57.3 62.7 61.7 39.1 18.4 37.0 3.6 23.2 7.2 1.1
93 803 Has access 7.2 13.7 24.2 8.5 7.5 4.0 26.2 3.3 7.9 5.5 4.2
No access 11.2 28.4 12.8 29.4 53.3 76.9 36.7 92.5 67.6 86.7 93.9
Both sexes Owns 78.8 56.7 60.4 61.2 37.4 18.2 30.3 3.1 19.5 6.1 0.9
150 533 Has access 8.8 13.7 26.7 8.5 7.4 5.0 28.3 3.2 8.0 5.1 4.2
No access 12.3 29.0 12.6 30.0 54.9 76.2 41.2 93.2 71.5 88.3 94.2
Rural
Female Owns 63.2 7.3 12.8 6.6 5.2 12.9 5.5 8.1 9.2 30.4 0.7
93 781 Has access 17.9 7.7 39.8 4.5 3.2 8.7 28.7 10.0 5.4 22.3 17.3
No access 18.7 84.8 47.2 88.7 91.4 78.2 65.5 81.5 85.2 47.1 81.8
Male Owns 68.9 12.8 17.1 11.3 8.2 15.5 14.1 14.8 15.9 36.5 2.2
125 905 Has access 14.7 8.1 36.2 5.2 4.2 5.8 27.5 11.0 6.7 15.3 17.5
No access 16.3 78.9 46.4 83.2 87.3 78.3 58.1 73.9 77.0 48.0 80.0
Both sexes Owns 66.4 10.4 15.2 9.2 6.9 14.3 10.5 11.9 13.0 33.9 1.5
221 145 Has access 16.1 7.9 37.7 4.9 3.8 7.0 28.0 10.5 6.1 18.3 17.3
No access 17.4 81.5 46.9 85.6 89.1 78.3 61.2 77.3 80.6 47.6 80.9
Namibia
Female Owns 67.4 25.5 29.3 26.8 16.3 14.8 10.7 5.9 10.7 20.5 0.7
150 451 Has access 15.5 10.0 36.4 6.0 4.7 7.9 29.9 7.4 6.4 15.6 12.4
No access 16.9 64.1 34.1 67.0 78.7 77.0 59.1 86.3 82.4 63.7 86.6
Male Owns 74.2 31.8 36.6 32.9 21.4 16.7 23.9 10.0 19.0 24.0 1.7
219 709 Has access 11.5 10.5 31.1 6.6 5.6 5.0 26.9 7.7 7.2 11.1 11.8
No access 14.1 57.3 32.0 60.2 72.8 77.7 48.9 81.9 73.0 64.5 86.0
Both sexes Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
The proportion of male headed households owning or having access to assets is generally higher
than that of female headed households (Table 7.1.2). For example, 74 per cent of male-headed
households own a radio compared to 67 per cent of female-headed households.
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 75
Table 7.1.3
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets and main language
spoken in household
Main Ownership/ Selected assets
language
spoken
access Radio TV Tele-
phone/
Refrige-
rator
Freezer Sewing/
knitting
Motor
vehicle
Donkey/
ox cart
Bicycle Plough Trac-
tor
cell
phone
machine
Khoisan Owns 52.0 8.2 5.4 1.1 2.3 3.8 4.5 16.4 8.8 10.9 -
4 967 Has access 12.4 1.8 29.3 4.9 4.6 2.0 28.4 19.5 1.6 12.8 21.8
No access 35.6 90.0 65.3 94.0 93.1 94.2 67.2 64.1 89.6 76.3 78.2
Caprivi Owns 60.7 33.1 23.2 26.0 10.5 4.6 9.0 1.9 15.4 32.2 0.5
languages Has access 13.5 6.5 12.6 2.4 0.5 1.9 6.3 2.0 6.0 27.4 17.5
19 664 No access 25.6 60.3 64.0 71.4 88.9 92.9 84.2 95.1 77.9 40.3 81.2
Otjiherero Owns 71.1 37.7 36.1 42.6 19.8 29.6 21.6 14.9 7.8 4.9 1.4
32 686 Has access 12.7 10.0 38.1 7.4 6.4 6.8 36.0 18.5 5.2 9.4 6.1
No access 16.0 51.8 25.3 49.6 73.3 63.4 42.1 66.2 86.2 84.8 91.9
Rukavango Owns 59.9 12.3 9.3 10.5 5.0 2.9 5.5 3.3 7.3 31.9 0.5
34 748 Has access 25.0 13.6 30.3 3.8 2.7 4.3 16.8 11.1 10.4 26.5 5.6
No access 15.1 73.8 60.3 85.3 92.1 92.4 77.6 85.0 81.9 41.3 93.4
Nama/Damara Owns 74.0 32.1 25.8 33.4 15.0 18.4 11.8 16.9 12.7 0.4 0.2
42 484 Has access 12.1 15.3 45.6 12.5 9.6 4.6 29.8 7.9 7.0 2.5 3.8
No access 13.8 52.6 28.6 54.0 75.5 76.4 58.1 74.8 79.7 96.8 95.6
Oshiwambo Owns 70.5 16.7 29.3 17.4 12.9 12.1 11.9 7.3 15.1 34.2 0.8
181 395 Has access 13.9 9.9 37.3 6.1 5.1 8.1 33.3 6.5 7.2 15.4 18.1
No access 15.5 73.0 33.1 76.2 81.8 79.3 54.5 85.8 77.2 50.2 80.6
Setswana Owns 69.7 33.8 30.3 58.3 18.8 20.2 28.2 24.0 7.3 - -
1 479 Has access 15.2 12.2 51.9 8.9 3.4 2.7 43.7 21.1 0.8 - 7.6
No access 15.0 54.1 17.8 32.9 77.8 77.2 28.1 54.9 91.9 100.0 92.4
Afrikaans Owns 84.2 72.4 69.1 77.4 52.6 30.3 51.5 5.4 27.7 3.1 4.5
39 374 Has access 4.7 8.6 20.9 5.2 5.6 3.8 22.0 2.6 5.8 1.5 2.4
No access 10.9 19.0 9.8 17.4 41.7 65.7 26.4 91.6 65.6 95.3 92.9
German Owns 97.2 85.9 99.1 99.1 97.0 54.1 91.6 6.7 39.2 6.3 9.1
4 005 Has access 0.8 5.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 4.5 5.6 5.1 10.4 4.7 5.1
No access 2.0 4.1 - 0.1 2.2 41.4 0.9 88.2 47.9 89.1 85.8
English Owns 91.7 90.5 95.7 95.7 74.0 36.6 75.1 4.9 44.4 4.3 6.1
6 889 Has access 2.7 4.0 1.6 0.9 1.5 0.4 11.3 - 0.6 1.0 0.9
No access 5.6 5.5 2.4 3.0 23.7 62.2 13.5 95.1 55.0 94.7 93.0
Other Owns 83.3 67.6 70.4 66.5 46.1 23.6 46.6 - 32.4 5.2 -
2 532 Has access 0.2 8.3 11.9 7.2 8.0 10.1 18.7 2.1 6.4 2.1 3.9
No access 15.3 24.1 16.5 25.0 44.7 66.3 33.5 96.7 60.0 91.5 96.1
Total Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
7 Ownership of and access to assets
76 Central Bureau of Statistics
The results show large differences of ownership of and access to assets across the main language
spoken in households (Table 7.1.3). For example, households where the main language spoken
is German 99, 97, and 86 per cent of households reported that they own a telephone/cell phone,
radio and TV, respectively. On the other hand among the households where the main language
spoken is Khoisan the corresponding percentages are 5, 52 and 8, respectively.
Table 7.1.4
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets, household composition
and orphan hood
Household Ownership/ Selected assets %
composition access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
Orphan hood phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
Cell machine
phone
With head or head Owns 67.3 31.8 39.2 37.0 24.5 12.5 21.3 5.0 11.3 7.6 1.9
& spouse only Has access 16.0 16.1 33.1 10.5 8.8 4.2 31.8 7.6 6.7 9.4 8.0
61 075 No access 16.6 51.3 27.5 52.1 66.5 82.6 46.4 87.0 81.0 82.5 89.5
With 1 child Owns 69.4 36.5 35.9 37.7 24.3 14.6 21.2 4.6 15.4 10.0 1.1
no relatives Has access 14.4 12.0 34.4 7.8 5.5 4.6 29.4 6.4 7.1 12.2 7.7
28 617 No access 16.2 51.6 29.8 54.5 70.1 80.8 49.2 89.0 76.7 77.8 91.0
With 2+ children Owns 70.8 33.0 32.2 34.3 21.8 17.4 22.2 7.8 19.4 18.9 1.4
no relatives Has access 14.1 7.3 31.9 4.2 4.1 4.7 25.7 8.0 6.7 16.7 9.9
67 199 No access 15.0 59.5 35.8 61.4 74.0 77.5 51.9 83.7 73.5 64.2 88.4
With relatives Owns 72.3 24.3 29.6 24.6 14.7 16.4 13.7 9.7 14.9 30.5 1.0
178 223 Has access 12.3 9.0 34.1 5.5 4.6 8.0 27.8 7.5 7.1 13.2 14.9
No access 15.2 66.4 36.0 69.6 80.4 75.0 58.2 82.2 77.5 55.8 83.7
With non-relatives Owns 76.8 35.8 43.7 33.8 24.4 17.4 28.3 10.8 19.3 25.8 1.6
36 564 Has access 9.9 10.7 31.2 6.0 4.2 4.4 26.8 7.7 6.3 11.5 11.8
No access 13.2 53.5 24.9 60.1 71.3 78.2 44.7 81.5 73.8 62.7 85.8
Total Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
Orphan hood
Households with Owns 72.3 21.0 25.5 19.0 11.9 17.5 12.8 10.7 13.9 37.5 0.8
orphans Has access 12.7 7.0 36.3 4.4 3.4 7.5 27.1 7.7 7.0 16.1 17.9
86 378 No access 14.8 71.9 38.0 76.5 84.4 74.8 59.8 81.3 78.9 46.3 81.0
Households without Owns 71.2 31.6 35.9 33.7 21.5 15.4 20.2 7.6 16.1 18.1 1.4
orphans Has access 13.3 11.2 32.3 6.9 5.8 5.8 28.4 7.5 6.8 12.0 10.2
285 300 No access 15.4 56.7 31.5 59.1 72.5 78.3 51.1 84.5 76.3 69.5 87.9
Generally, ownership of a radio is more common in all households irrespective of household
composition compared to other assets.
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 77
Table 7.1.5
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets and highest level
of educational attainment of head of household
Educational Ownership/ Selected assets %
attainment access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
of head phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
cell machine
phone
No formal education Owns 61.4 4.3 7.7 5.2 2.5 10.3 4.1 12.1 11.0 30.2 0.5
88 375 Has access 18.8 8.3 41.4 4.2 3.6 6.1 31.2 10.4 6.1 18.3 14.7
No access 19.7 87.1 50.6 90.3 93.4 83.1 64.5 77.0 82.5 51.2 84.5
Primary Owns 68.3 14.4 18.9 16.0 8.1 14.0 8.4 10.3 13.9 28.1 0.4
116 545 Has access 15.4 11.3 39.4 7.6 6.1 7.1 29.9 8.6 8.0 15.4 14.0
No access 16.0 73.8 41.2 76.0 85.5 78.3 61.4 80.6 77.4 56.1 84.9
Secondary Owns 75.6 44.5 49.1 45.6 28.2 17.4 23.6 4.9 16.1 14.9 1.8
126 932 Has access 10.1 12.4 29.7 7.9 6.1 6.2 29.0 6.2 7.0 9.8 9.3
No access 14.2 42.7 21.0 46.4 65.5 76.2 47.2 88.5 76.3 75.0 88.4
Tertiary Owns 90.9 83.5 88.7 84.4 64.4 67.6 31.1 4.7 12.5 4.2 30.4
36 980 Has access 2.7 4.5 6.4 1.9 3.3 12.0 3.6 2.2 3.5 8.0 4.8
No access 6.3 11.9 4.8 13.6 32.1 20.2 65.1 93.0 83.9 87.7 63.7
Not stated Owns 71.0 11.8 19.0 10.9 8.4 7.1 15.1 5.6 14.1 36.0 -
2 845 Has access 14.6 5.4 34.3 7.0 4.5 6.0 29.7 9.1 7.3 13.9 14.4
No access 14.3 82.8 46.6 82.1 87.1 87.0 55.2 85.3 78.6 50.0 85.6
Total Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
Ownership of assets correlates with the level of educational attainment of the head of household:
The higher is the educational attainment of the head of household, the higher is the proportion
of households owning various types of assets with the exception of donkey/ox cart and plough
(Table 7.1.5).
7 Ownership of and access to assets
78 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.1.6
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets and main source of income
Source of Ownership/ Selected assets %
income access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
cell machine
phone
Salaries and/ Owns 77.6 48.1 51.3 49.9 30.2 15.4 26.2 5.2 18.7 8.0 1.0
or wages Has access 9.6 13.2 30.4 8.7 7.3 4.5 29.2 5.8 8.1 7.0 7.1
172 254 No access 12.7 38.4 18.0 41.1 62.2 79.6 44.3 88.5 72.4 84.6 91.3
Subsistence Owns 66.0 4.1 10.7 3.0 3.0 14.7 7.8 13.9 12.8 50.1 0.7
farming Has access 17.2 5.1 39.4 3.2 2.9 10.1 29.7 9.8 5.7 21.2 21.5
107 519 No access 16.7 90.7 49.8 93.6 93.8 74.9 62.3 76.0 81.3 28.5 77.6
Commercial Owns 87.5 66.3 80.9 80.5 77.9 60.3 83.5 20.0 35.7 34.7 52.5
farming Has access 6.4 13.1 13.5 10.2 9.7 9.6 15.6 13.2 6.2 12.9 8.7
2 753 No access 6.0 20.6 5.6 9.3 12.4 28.1 0.9 66.1 56.9 52.3 38.8
Pensions Owns 68.7 16.5 18.7 19.7 12.6 19.1 12.0 10.5 10.3 22.2 0.9
34 159 Has access 14.2 7.7 30.6 3.4 2.9 4.0 22.6 8.4 5.1 14.2 11.3
No access 17.0 74.7 50.3 76.6 84.0 76.5 65.1 80.9 84.2 63.2 87.1
Remittances/ Owns 62.8 25.6 25.7 26.3 12.1 11.3 6.2 6.9 8.2 10.3 0.2
grants Has access 18.0 17.8 45.4 9.2 4.8 4.3 28.8 7.1 5.0 12.3 6.4
10 517 No access 19.1 56.6 28.9 64.6 83.0 84.4 64.0 85.4 86.2 77.4 92.4
Drought/ Owns 37.9 1.1 6.1 3.1 0.9 6.2 - 4.1 3.9 6.3 -
kind receipts Has access 23.1 8.3 31.2 3.4 3.6 1.9 31.4 15.0 2.2 19.7 10.0
8 813 No access 38.6 90.6 62.7 93.6 95.5 90.9 68.6 79.6 92.7 73.4 89.4
Business Owns 76.1 34.7 41.5 37.6 28.7 22.2 26.9 4.8 20.1 16.8 1.6
income Has access 11.6 14.2 31.2 7.0 4.8 6.7 24.8 5.9 8.6 14.3 10.9
26 254 No access 12.0 50.8 27.1 55.2 66.2 70.8 47.9 89.0 70.3 68.8 87.3
Other Owns 47.5 13.6 12.9 13.1 6.9 9.4 10.8 3.4 9.2 17.9 0.7
6 123 Has access 20.9 7.4 20.6 3.0 2.8 1.2 13.8 7.2 5.3 17.1 5.4
No access 31.6 79.0 66.5 83.9 90.4 89.4 75.4 88.8 85.5 65.0 93.9
Not stated Owns 66.1 27.6 32.3 25.6 13.9 13.5 12.4 6.9 13.7 19.7 -
3 286 Has access 18.0 7.1 34.5 7.5 5.6 7.5 31.1 5.9 8.4 11.4 10.9
No access 13.4 63.7 30.7 64.4 78.0 76.5 54.1 84.7 75.4 66.4 87.6
Total Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
Households, which reported the main source of income as commercial farming, have the highest
proportions owning assets except the plough (Table 7.1.6). On the other hand, households whose
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 79
main source of income is drought/in kind receipts have the lowest proportions of ownership of
all assets.
Table 7.1.7
Households by ownership of/access to selected assets and percentile group
after adjusted per capita income
Percentile Ownership/ Selected assets %
group access Radio TV Tele- Refrige- Free- Sewing/ Motor Donkey/ Bicycle Plough Trac-
Deciles phone/ rator zer knitting vehicle ox cart tor
cell machine
phone
Percentiles
1-25 Owns 60.6 4.4 5.3 3.9 1.7 9.6 1.5 10.1 9.6 30.0 0.3
92 985 Has access 19.4 7.8 39.9 5.0 3.5 5.9 26.0 9.4 5.3 19.0 12.4
No access 19.8 87.4 54.5 90.9 94.6 84.1 72.2 80.1 84.8 50.7 86.9
26-50 Owns 68.7 13.0 16.5 12.5 6.2 12.8 5.3 10.4 14.8 31.0 0.3
92 897 Has access 16.0 11.5 42.3 7.5 5.5 8.4 32.7 9.2 8.2 15.9 15.1
No access 15.2 75.3 41.0 79.7 88.0 78.4 61.7 79.9 76.7 52.8 84.2
51-75 Owns 71.3 27.9 34.3 30.7 16.1 14.2 12.9 7.4 14.4 19.5 0.6
92 925 Has access 11.9 14.0 37.1 7.9 7.2 7.1 34.7 7.6 8.5 11.4 13.3
No access 16.7 57.8 28.3 61.1 76.4 78.3 52.2 84.7 76.5 68.7 85.7
76-90 Owns 81.2 60.5 68.1 62.7 38.5 19.3 36.8 5.1 16.7 11.5 1.5
55 706 Has access 6.8 10.2 20.4 6.6 5.8 3.9 25.6 5.1 6.6 7.2 9.1
No access 11.8 28.8 11.2 30.4 55.5 76.2 37.3 89.1 75.3 80.8 88.3
91-95 Owns 89.0 82.5 90.5 87.8 70.3 32.4 75.2 6.7 31.5 6.9 4.5
18 584 Has access 3.4 5.2 6.0 3.0 3.4 2.1 11.5 1.6 1.7 4.2 5.2
No access 7.5 11.3 3.4 9.1 26.2 65.1 13.3 91.4 66.1 88.6 90.1
96-98 Owns 91.5 93.3 93.9 94.6 76.9 42.7 83.6 2.9 36.4 5.6 5.6
11 195 Has access 3.5 0.8 1.4 0.2 2.8 1.1 7.2 2.6 6.9 1.3 2.0
No access 5.0 5.9 4.7 5.2 19.8 55.9 8.4 94.4 55.3 93.2 92.4
99-100 Owns 95.0 90.5 95.9 95.9 83.0 48.8 89.1 7.8 37.1 11.3 17.7
7 386 Has access 1.0 6.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 6.5 7.6 3.6 4.3 4.3 5.1
No access 3.5 3.3 1.6 1.4 14.4 44.7 3.4 88.3 58.0 84.4 77.3
Total Owns 71.4 29.1 33.5 30.3 19.3 15.9 18.5 8.3 15.6 22.6 1.3
371 678 Has access 13.1 10.3 33.3 6.3 5.2 6.2 28.1 7.6 6.9 13.0 12.0
No access 15.3 60.3 33.0 63.1 75.3 77.5 53.1 83.7 76.9 64.1 86.3
7 Ownership of and access to assets
80 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.1.7 continued
Percentile
group
Deciles
Ownership/ Selected assets %
access Radio TV Tele-
phone/
Refrige-
rator
Freezer Sewing/
knitting
machine
Motor
vehicle
Donkey/
ox cart
Bicycle Plough Trac-
tor
cell
phone
Deciles
1 Owns 57.8 3.9 4.0 2.2 0.9 8.3 1.2 8.5 8.1 23.8 0.6
37 191 Has access 19.9 7.4 37.4 5.2 2.8 4.0 23.6 7.4 3.8 18.5 10.0
No access 22.1 88.1 58.1 92.2 95.8 87.2 74.5 83.6 87.5 57.2 88.8
2 Owns 63.6 4.3 5.3 4.8 1.7 9.5 1.8 10.5 8.9 31.7 0.2
37 243 Has access 17.2 7.0 40.4 3.9 3.7 7.2 26.7 10.8 5.4 19.5 13.9
No access 19.0 88.7 54.3 91.3 94.5 83.3 71.5 78.5 85.8 48.8 85.9
3 Owns 64.8 8.2 10.5 6.9 3.3 13.1 2.4 10.6 14.6 35.7 0.2
37 114 Has access 18.8 10.5 44.0 6.9 5.5 8.5 30.8 10.9 7.6 17.7 15.1
No access 16.3 80.8 44.9 85.7 90.8 78.0 66.6 77.9 77.4 46.3 84.2
4 Owns 69.5 12.3 14.8 11.7 5.5 12.3 4.3 11.2 14.2 33.7 -
37 175 Has access 14.0 10.5 42.1 7.3 4.9 6.8 34.5 8.8 8.8 15.0 15.3
No access 16.2 77.0 42.9 80.7 89.3 80.6 60.8 79.8 76.7 51.1 84.4
5 Owns 67.5 14.9 19.9 15.2 8.3 12.9 7.4 10.4 15.3 27.7 0.6
37 160 Has access 18.5 12.9 41.4 8.1 5.7 9.2 31.3 8.8 8.0 16.4 14.5
No access 13.9 72.2 38.6 76.6 85.9 77.4 61.2 80.3 76.3 55.4 84.6
6 Owns 68.5 21.7 25.9 24.0 11.5 13.0 8.3 8.6 12.9 20.4 0.4
37 158 Has access 13.0 13.6 40.6 6.1 5.7 7.4 35.4 9.2 9.9 14.4 12.1
No access 18.2 64.6 33.2 69.7 82.5 78.9 56.1 82.0 76.7 65.0 87.2
7 Owns 72.5 28.1 35.9 29.7 16.3 14.8 13.7 7.6 14.8 21.6 0.7
37 143 Has access 11.6 15.0 37.9 10.0 8.7 6.6 33.7 5.9 7.8 9.6 15.0
No access 15.9 56.6 25.9 59.8 74.6 78.3 52.2 85.9 76.7 68.3 83.4
8 Owns 77.3 46.0 52.9 49.5 28.1 16.8 22.9 5.0 16.0 14.2 1.0
37 198 Has access 9.1 11.1 27.1 7.0 5.8 5.9 33.1 6.8 7.0 9.2 12.4
No access 13.6 42.2 19.8 43.4 66.1 77.1 43.8 87.9 76.6 76.3 86.2
9 Owns 81.8 64.8 73.4 67.5 42.0 19.8 42.5 4.8 17.3 9.9 1.6
37 132 Has access 6.2 10.7 17.7 6.7 6.5 3.6 22.8 4.9 6.7 6.1 7.3
No access 11.8 24.3 8.6 25.4 51.1 75.7 34.4 89.5 74.2 83.4 89.7
10 Owns 90.9 87.4 92.6 91.5 74.8 38.8 80.5 5.8 34.1 7.4 7.4
37 166 Has access 3.0 4.1 3.9 2.0 3.1 2.7 9.4 2.3 3.8 3.3 4.2
No access 5.9 8.1 3.5 6.4 22.0 58.3 9.9 91.7 61.2 89.2 88.2
Ownership of assets is also correlated to income levels except for donkey/ox cart and plough, i.e.
the proportions of households owning assets increase with the increase in income of households
(Table 7.1.7).
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 81
The proportion of households that own a radio has increased from 65 in 1993/1994 to 71 per
cent in 2003/2004 (Figure 7.1.1). Over the same period the proportion of households that own a
telephone has doubled, from 17 to 34 per cent (Figure 7.1.2) while the proportion of households
owning motor vehicles has declined slightly from 20 to 19 per cent, (Figure 7.1.3).
Figure 7.1.1
Percentage of households that own a radio by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0%
30%
60%
90%
Namibia Rural Urban
1993/94
2003/04
Figure 7.1.2
Percentage of households that own a telephone by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-
2003/2004
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Namibia Rural Urban
1993/94
2003/04
7 Ownership of and access to assets
82 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 7.1.3
Percentage of households that own a motor vehicle by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-
2003/2004
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Namibia Rural Urban
1993/94
2003/04
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 83
7.2 Ownership of/access to animals and land
This section presents the survey results relating to household ownership of or access to animals
and land.
Almost, 50 per cent, of households reported in the survey that they own poultry, 39 per cent
reported ownership of goats and 34 per cent reported ownership of cattle (Table 7.2.1). Small
percentages of households own other animals such as donkeys and mules, pigs, sheep, horses
and ostrich. Grazing land was reported to be owned by 5 per cent of households and 25 per
cent own fi elds for crops. Proportions of households owning or having access to both animals
and land are reported to be higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Table 7.2.1
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land. region and urban/rural areas
Region Ownership/ Animals/land %
Access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
mule land for crops
Caprivi Owns 62.8 - 0.1 11.9 - - 53.2 - 1.1 75.5
18 607 Has access 11.1 0.2 0.2 2.2 0.3 0.2 1.2 0.2 70.2 4.4
No access 26.1 99.0 98.9 85.2 98.9 98.8 45.1 98.5 28.0 19.3
Erongo Owns 15.9 6.2 1.8 19.9 7.9 2.9 17.4 0.4 5.1 4.8
27 713 Has access 9.5 3.5 4.6 9.7 6.9 2.1 8.2 0.3 24.0 11.7
No access 74.6 90.3 93.6 70.4 85.2 95.0 74.3 99.4 70.7 82.9
Hardap Owns 13.0 12.6 1.0 27.4 17.5 16.8 24.5 1.0 4.7 2.2
16 365 Has access 4.7 6.8 0.5 6.2 3.8 2.7 1.0 0.6 28.8 10.3
No access 81.8 80.3 96.7 66.2 78.2 79.8 74.2 96.4 65.4 85.0
Karas Owns 16.5 11.1 1.5 30.4 13.2 8.5 26.2 0.6 8.5 5.1
15 570 Has access 3.0 2.4 1.1 2.6 1.9 1.6 2.2 0.7 29.0 15.3
No access 80.5 86.5 97.4 67.0 84.9 89.9 71.6 98.7 62.4 79.3
Kavango Owns 36.5 0.3 7.8 25.9 7.9 2.1 59.0 0.1 3.7 56.5
32 354 Has access 22.9 0.7 1.3 4.8 6.7 3.6 3.6 1.0 62.9 17.6
No access 40.5 98.6 90.7 69.1 85.1 94.1 37.2 98.8 33.2 25.9
7 Ownership of and access to assets
84 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.2.1 continued
Region Ownership/ Animals/land %
access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
mule land for crops
Khomas Owns 28.2 7.3 4.6 28.8 10.4 7.3 17.8 0.9 9.8 10.2
64 918 Has access 1.1 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.4 - 25.1 16.3
No access 70.6 92.3 95.0 69.9 88.8 92.3 80.7 98.9 65.1 73.5
Kunene Owns 41.9 19.4 2.1 47.0 30.5 14.9 30.5 0.3 1.7 32.4
13 365 Has access 15.8 8.7 1.0 13.0 9.9 4.7 6.0 - 69.2 9.1
No access 42.3 71.9 96.9 40.0 59.7 80.4 63.5 99.7 28.8 58.5
Ohangwena Owns 44.9 0.8 28.1 64.8 21.1 0.8 82.6 0.0 2.6 11.0
37 854 Has access 10.9 0.2 3.6 5.1 5.2 1.7 3.6 0.4 86.4 84.3
No access 44.1 98.5 67.7 29.9 73.2 96.5 13.6 99.0 11.0 4.8
Omaheke Owns 38.4 17.5 0.6 33.3 20.9 31.0 35.1 0.8 10.4 8.6
13 347 Has access 2.9 0.3 - 1.6 3.5 2.6 1.1 - 47.9 13.2
No access 58.7 82.2 99.4 65.1 75.3 66.4 63.8 98.9 41.4 77.8
Omusati Owns 37.2 9.6 49.4 64.2 44.7 0.9 82.9 0.2 0.9 6.7
39 248 Has access 2.2 0.1 - 0.9 2.4 0.1 - - 79.3 81.4
No access 60.5 90.1 50.5 34.5 52.4 98.1 16.8 99.2 19.8 11.9
Oshana Owns 32.7 3.0 23.6 47.7 12.7 0.7 64.0 0.1 5.1 39.9
31 759 Has access 2.9 0.2 1.0 3.3 0.8 - 3.1 - 51.3 31.8
No access 64.4 96.6 75.2 48.6 86.3 99.2 32.6 99.8 43.2 28.0
Oshikoto Owns 45.8 2.8 26.9 58.1 27.8 2.4 80.2 0.3 0.9 77.8
31 871 Has access 8.6 0.8 0.2 3.4 11.6 1.2 0.7 0.1 72.9 5.2
No access 45.6 96.4 72.9 38.5 60.6 96.5 19.1 99.6 26.1 17.0
Otjozondjupa Owns 24.9 9.2 0.9 23.8 9.1 6.7 30.5 0.9 4.2 7.6
28 707 Has access 3.6 0.8 - 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 - 26.1 18.4
No access 71.6 90.0 99.1 75.7 90.0 92.8 69.1 99.1 69.7 73.8
Namibia Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
Urban Owns 23.9 5.2 3.5 23.3 7.3 4.1 18.3 0.5 5.6 10.9
150 533 Has access 3.5 1.0 1.3 3.4 2.3 0.6 3.0 0.1 25.4 13.3
No access 72.5 93.6 95.0 73.2 90.3 95.1 78.5 99.3 68.7 75.6
Rural Owns 40.4 7.2 21.6 49.7 24.1 6.2 69.2 0.4 4.0 34.8
221 145 Has access 9.5 1.5 1.0 3.7 4.9 1.8 1.9 0.3 69.6 39.9
No access 50.0 91.0 77.1 46.3 70.6 91.6 28.7 98.9 26.3 25.0
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 85
Table 7.2.2
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land. urban/rural areas
and sex of head of household
Urban/rural Ownership/ Animals/land %
Sex of head access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
mule land for crops
Urban
Female Owns 17.2 3.5 2.0 17.0 4.1 1.9 15.2 0.1 4.2 8.6
56 671 Has access 2.7 1.2 0.4 3.0 1.7 0.4 2.5 0.1 20.8 11.4
No access 79.9 95.0 97.5 79.8 94.0 97.5 82.0 99.6 74.7 79.7
Male Owns 28.0 6.3 4.5 27.1 9.3 5.5 20.2 0.6 6.5 12.2
93 803 Has access 3.9 0.9 1.8 3.7 2.7 0.8 3.3 0.1 28.2 14.5
No access 68.0 92.8 93.6 69.2 88.0 93.7 76.4 99.1 65.1 73.1
Both sexes Owns 23.9 5.2 3.5 23.3 7.3 4.1 18.3 0.5 5.6 10.9
150 533 Has access 3.5 1.0 1.3 3.4 2.3 0.6 3.0 0.1 25.4 13.3
No access 72.5 93.6 95.0 73.2 90.3 95.1 78.5 99.3 68.7 75.6
Rural
Female Owns 32.5 4.2 25.8 50.2 18.9 2.4 73.9 0.1 2.4 38.4
93 781 Has access 8.1 0.8 0.8 2.9 5.0 0.6 1.2 0.2 72.7 44.4
No access 59.4 94.8 73.3 46.7 76.0 96.7 24.8 99.4 24.9 17.1
Male Owns 46.3 9.4 18.6 49.6 28.1 9.2 66.0 0.6 5.2 32.1
125 905 Has access 10.6 2.0 1.1 4.3 4.8 2.6 2.3 0.4 67.4 36.4
No access 43.0 88.3 79.8 46.0 66.7 87.7 31.6 98.5 27.2 31.0
Both sexes Owns 40.4 7.2 21.6 49.7 24.1 6.2 69.2 0.4 4.0 34.8
221 145 Has access 9.5 1.5 1.0 3.7 4.9 1.8 1.9 0.3 69.6 39.9
No access 50.0 91.0 77.1 46.3 70.6 91.6 28.7 98.9 26.3 25.0
Namibia
Female Owns 26.7 4.0 16.8 37.7 13.3 2.2 51.8 0.1 3.1 27.2
150 451 Has access 6.1 1.0 0.6 2.9 3.8 0.6 1.7 0.2 53.1 32.0
No access 67.1 94.9 82.4 59.2 82.8 97.0 46.4 99.5 43.6 40.7
Male Owns 38.5 8.0 12.6 40.0 20.0 7.6 46.4 0.6 5.8 23.6
219 709 Has access 7.7 1.5 1.4 4.0 3.9 1.8 2.7 0.3 50.6 27.1
No access 53.7 90.2 85.7 55.9 75.8 90.2 50.7 98.8 43.4 49.0
Both sexes Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
Generally higher percentages of male headed households reported that they own animals
compared to female-headed households, except in case of poultry and fi eld for crops (Table
7.2.2).
7 Ownership of and access to assets
86 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.2.3
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land and main language
spoken in the household
Main Ownership/ Animals/land %
language access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
spoken mule land for crops
Khoisan Owns 17.3 0.9 4.2 16.4 12.6 10.4 33.3 - 3.0 27.1
4 967 Has access 11.2 1.4 - 1.9 5.7 1.7 3.0 - 42.8 17.3
No access 70.9 97.1 95.2 81.7 81.7 87.4 63.7 99.4 54.2 55.0
Caprivi Owns 58.7 0.3 0.1 10.9 0.3 0.4 48.4 - 1.3 68.0
languages Has access 10.7 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.2 65.1 5.3
19 664 No access 30.5 98.8 99.0 86.3 98.8 98.5 50.1 98.8 33.0 26.0
Otjiherero Owns 55.0 22.5 0.7 49.2 25.1 22.8 31.3 0.6 10.4 17.2
32 686 Has access 6.8 3.7 0.1 5.1 4.5 2.3 2.2 - 53.7 17.5
No access 38.0 73.6 98.9 45.5 70.1 74.8 66.3 98.9 35.7 65.1
Rukavango Owns 35.9 0.3 7.3 25.4 7.6 1.9 57.0 0.1 3.4 53.6
34 748 Has access 22.0 0.8 1.3 4.6 6.4 3.6 3.6 1.0 60.5 17.7
No access 42.1 98.7 91.5 70.1 85.8 94.4 39.4 98.8 36.2 28.6
Nama/Damara Owns 11.7 8.5 0.6 25.2 15.7 10.5 27.7 0.1 2.4 2.6
42 484 Has access 5.5 3.9 0.4 4.6 3.3 1.8 2.5 0.2 30.5 9.7
No access 82.7 87.6 98.5 70.1 80.8 87.6 69.7 99.2 66.5 86.9
Oshiwambo Owns 38.9 3.9 27.1 54.4 23.7 1.2 66.1 0.1 3.9 27.9
181 395 Has access 5.8 0.4 1.8 3.7 4.6 0.8 2.7 0.1 65.0 48.0
No access 55.3 95.5 71.0 41.7 71.4 97.6 31.1 99.5 31.0 24.1
Setswana Owns 23.8 15.0 - 38.7 23.7 31.1 33.0 - 0.8 0.8
1 479 Has access 6.7 1.4 - 2.7 2.7 - 1.4 - 53.2 24.9
No access 69.5 83.6 100.0 58.7 73.7 68.9 65.6 100.0 43.4 71.7
Afrikaans Owns 12.3 11.7 0.6 14.3 4.8 8.8 13.3 1.5 8.3 3.8
39 374 Has access 1.4 1.9 0.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.1 13.2 5.2
No access 86.3 86.5 99.0 84.2 93.9 90.0 85.8 98.2 78.3 90.6
German Owns 10.4 3.4 0.6 3.3 4.9 6.7 5.2 0.6 9.0 3.1
4 005 Has access 2.0 1.8 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.8 1.8 0.6 3.3 0.8
No access 87.6 94.7 98.0 94.8 93.8 91.4 92.9 98.8 87.7 96.1
English Owns 12.8 8.3 3.4 12.1 6.6 7.6 11.5 7.1 8.0 9.1
6 889 Has access - - - - - - - - 8.0 2.0
No access 87.2 91.7 96.6 87.9 93.4 92.4 88.5 92.9 84.0 88.9
Other Owns 5.0 - 3.3 5.6 2.3 0.6 13.4 - 2.9 5.9
2 532 Has access 0.8 0.8 0.8 3.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 8.7 9.0
No access 94.2 99.2 95.9 91.3 96.9 98.6 85.8 99.2 88.4 85.1
Total Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 87
The results show differences across main language spoken in households (Table 7.2.3).
Households where the main language spoken is Oshiwambo and Rukavango reported that
they own poultry (66% and 57%). Among household whose main language spoken is Caprivi
languages and Otjiherero a higher proportion own cattle (59% and 55%).
7 Ownership of and access to assets
88 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.2.4
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land, household composition
and orphan hood
Household Ownership/ Animals/land %
composition access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
Orphan hood mule land for crops
With head or head Owns 23.2 6.4 3.1 25.0 8.2 6.2 25.2 0.8 5.5 14.1
& spouse only Has access 5.6 1.9 1.0 4.0 3.0 1.5 2.8 0.3 32.9 18.2
61 075 No access 71.1 91.5 95.6 70.9 88.5 91.8 71.9 98.7 61.5 67.4
With 1 child Owns 20.3 5.7 5.3 22.3 9.0 3.5 28.9 0.1 3.5 20.0
no relatives Has access 6.7 0.9 0.6 3.2 2.6 0.8 2.8 - 34.7 15.1
28 617 No access 72.9 93.4 94.0 74.5 88.3 95.5 68.3 99.7 61.8 64.8
With 2+ children Owns 30.8 6.4 10.1 32.8 13.9 6.5 46.4 0.7 4.0 26.0
no relatives Has access 9.2 1.5 0.7 3.2 3.5 0.8 1.7 0.0 50.0 25.7
67 199 No access 59.9 92.0 88.9 63.9 82.4 92.5 51.8 98.9 45.7 47.8
With relatives Owns 38.3 6.0 21.0 47.5 22.4 4.5 59.9 0.2 4.5 28.4
178 223 Has access 6.5 1.0 1.3 3.1 4.2 1.3 1.9 0.3 60.3 36.9
No access 55.1 92.7 77.5 49.2 73.2 93.8 38.1 99.2 35.0 34.4
With non-relatives Owns 44.9 9.3 15.0 45.9 20.4 7.5 52.2 0.7 6.5 29.8
36 564 Has access 8.5 1.6 1.4 6.3 5.3 2.3 4.6 0.2 57.3 26.5
No access 46.6 89.0 83.5 47.6 73.8 89.8 42.9 98.5 35.9 43.3
Total Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
Orphan hood
Households with Owns 31.4 6.7 10.8 35.0 15.1 5.9 42.2 0.5 5.0 21.9
orphans Has access 7.0 1.5 1.1 3.9 3.7 1.3 2.5 0.2 46.6 25.7
86 378 No access 61.6 91.7 87.8 60.9 81.0 92.4 55.1 99.0 48.2 52.1
Households without Owns 41.5 5.6 25.9 52.3 24.7 3.7 69.7 0.2 3.5 35.8
orphans Has access 7.3 0.7 1.1 2.4 4.5 1.2 1.7 0.3 68.6 40.4
285 300 No access 51.1 93.5 72.9 45.1 70.6 94.8 28.5 99.1 27.8 23.6
Generally, among households with orphans there are lower proportions that own animals or land
than households without orphans (Table 7.2.4). For example, 70 per cent of households without
orphans reported that they own poultry compared to 42 per cent of households with orphans.
Similarly, 36 per cent of households without orphans own fi elds for crops compared to 22 per
cent of households with orphans.
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 89
Table 7.2.5
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land and highest level
of educational attainment of head of household
Educational Ownership/ Animals/land %
attainment access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
of head mule land for crops
No formal Owns 35.3 6.3 19.3 46.2 23.6 5.8 63.7 0.3 3.0 30.7
education Has access 9.5 1.7 0.7 3.4 5.6 1.6 1.9 0.1 67.1 39.7
88 375 No access 55.0 91.9 79.8 50.2 70.5 92.0 34.2 99.1 29.7 29.1
Primary Owns 36.1 4.8 19.0 45.7 22.1 4.4 58.3 0.1 4.4 28.7
116 545 Has access 8.3 1.2 1.4 4.4 4.1 1.6 3.0 0.2 59.2 35.2
No access 55.5 93.8 79.4 49.6 73.6 93.7 38.6 99.3 36.3 35.8
Secondary Owns 30.0 7.1 8.8 30.7 11.2 5.4 35.6 0.3 4.8 20.9
126 932 Has access 5.7 1.4 1.3 3.7 3.2 1.1 2.6 0.3 39.8 19.9
No access 64.3 91.3 89.7 65.5 85.3 93.3 61.6 99.1 55.1 59.0
Tertiary Owns 34.9 9.4 6.9 29.3 8.2 7.4 25.8 1.9 9.3 14.5
36 980 Has access 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.1 31.0 15.4
No access 63.5 90.3 92.7 69.9 90.9 92.2 73.8 97.9 59.7 70.1
Not stated Owns 35.6 9.5 10.4 42.8 15.0 5.1 60.0 0.8 2.3 29.9
2 845 Has access 11.9 3.3 2.9 6.0 7.8 0.8 2.1 - 62.8 40.2
No access 52.4 87.3 86.7 51.2 74.2 91.2 34.9 96.2 33.8 28.8
Total Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
A higher proportion of households where the head has no formal education own poultry, goats,
pigs and donkeys/mules compared to households where the head has attained tertiary education.
Among households, where the head of household has attained tertiary education, the proportion
owning grazing land and sheep is relatively high.
7 Ownership of and access to assets
90 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.2.6
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land and main source of income
Source Ownership/ Animals/land %
of income access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
mule land for crops
Salaries and/ Owns 25.7 5.6 4.9 26.8 9.3 5.4 27.6 0.4 4.6 12.8
or wages Has access 5.3 1.9 1.2 4.0 3.1 1.3 3.0 0.3 33.5 17.3
172 254 No access 68.9 92.5 93.7 69.1 87.3 93.2 69.4 99.0 61.7 69.5
Subsistence Owns 49.9 7.8 34.4 65.5 34.3 5.4 86.0 0.1 3.9 39.2
farming Has access 9.9 0.4 1.3 2.9 5.1 1.2 1.7 0.1 84.4 55.0
107 519 No access 40.2 91.6 64.1 31.4 60.4 93.0 12.2 99.5 11.7 5.7
Commercial Owns 87.8 61.2 6.6 55.7 25.9 51.2 52.8 11.9 63.7 47.7
farming Has access 2.3 6.6 - 4.7 3.7 4.6 1.5 0.9 30.2 11.7
2 753 No access 9.9 32.2 92.6 39.7 70.5 44.2 45.7 87.2 6.1 40.6
Pensions Owns 32.8 6.2 13.9 40.8 17.2 4.1 58.0 0.3 3.8 33.3
34 159 Has access 4.9 0.7 0.4 2.8 3.9 0.8 1.9 0.2 56.1 29.9
No access 62.3 92.8 85.2 56.1 78.6 94.3 39.9 98.9 39.8 36.0
Remittances/ Owns 20.0 2.8 2.3 23.3 11.1 2.9 36.3 - 1.7 27.5
grants Has access 7.1 2.2 0.6 4.6 5.1 1.4 1.7 - 41.3 11.1
10 517 No access 72.8 95.1 97.2 72.0 83.8 95.7 62.0 100.0 57.0 61.4
Drought/ Owns 15.2 1.6 1.5 13.3 6.1 2.6 32.5 0.6 1.1 28.0
kind receipts Has access 16.9 3.3 1.1 10.2 7.3 4.5 3.5 0.7 44.4 19.6
8 813 No access 67.9 93.7 96.7 75.8 85.3 92.3 63.3 97.8 53.7 52.2
Business Owns 31.7 5.4 6.7 27.8 10.0 5.1 36.1 0.4 6.4 26.3
income Has access 6.6 0.6 0.8 2.9 2.8 1.5 2.1 0.3 42.6 18.3
26 254 No access 61.6 93.7 92.2 69.0 86.8 92.8 61.5 98.9 50.6 54.8
Other Owns 19.3 1.8 2.1 11.9 2.2 1.8 30.0 0.8 2.8 49.4
6 123 Has access 7.0 0.8 - 1.1 1.7 - 0.7 - 42.2 5.6
No access 73.7 97.4 97.9 87.0 96.2 98.2 69.2 99.2 55.0 45.0
Not stated Owns 27.8 2.1 15.7 40.7 9.7 4.6 44.9 1.4 2.2 35.7
3 286 Has access 10.0 0.2 - - 0.7 - - - 50.5 17.7
No access 60.7 95.4 82.8 56.9 88.1 93.9 53.5 97.1 45.8 46.6
Total Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
Households where the main source of income is reported to be commercial farming, 64 and 48
per cent own grazing land and fi eld for crops and 88 per cent own cattle (Table 7.2.6). On the
other hand, households where the main source of income is subsistence farming 86, 66 and 50
per cent, respectively, own poultry, goats and cattle.
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 91
Table 7.2.7
Households by ownership of/access to animals/land and percentile group
after adjusted per capita income
Percentile Ownership/ Animals/land %
group access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
Deciles mule land for crops
Percentiles
1-25 Owns 32.3 3.6 18.1 42.8 20.6 4.1 63.8 0.1 2.3 35.4
92 985 Has access 10.4 1.2 0.7 3.0 4.8 1.4 1.4 0.1 63.2 34.4
No access 57.2 95.1 80.9 54.0 74.3 94.1 34.7 99.3 34.2 29.8
26-50 Owns 37.2 4.5 21.5 45.6 22.8 3.4 62.2 0.2 3.6 29.3
92 897 Has access 8.0 1.5 1.2 4.0 4.9 1.6 2.3 0.3 62.1 37.9
No access 54.7 93.8 77.1 50.2 72.0 94.6 35.4 99.0 34.1 32.4
51-75 Owns 33.9 6.8 12.7 37.9 15.6 5.0 44.1 0.2 4.5 22.3
92 925 Has access 6.7 1.8 1.3 4.4 3.9 1.4 3.5 0.3 50.3 28.5
No access 59.4 91.2 85.6 57.5 80.3 93.2 52.3 99.2 45.1 49.2
76-90 Owns 33.8 8.0 6.2 34.7 11.6 7.0 28.8 0.1 5.4 14.9
55 706 Has access 4.4 0.7 1.4 4.2 2.5 0.9 2.9 - 38.6 20.3
No access 61.8 91.2 92.2 61.0 85.8 92.1 68.2 99.7 55.7 64.4
91-95 Owns 29.5 11.4 2.5 25.9 8.7 8.4 18.5 0.8 8.3 10.9
18 584 Has access 1.5 0.8 0.6 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.9 0.2 27.1 11.4
No access 69.0 87.9 96.8 72.6 90.1 90.9 79.6 99.0 64.6 77.7
96-98 Owns 22.3 16.8 2.4 16.9 5.4 11.1 15.6 1.2 13.5 9.8
11 195 Has access 1.5 1.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 12.2 5.4
No access 76.0 82.0 97.0 82.4 93.5 88.4 84.0 98.5 74.2 84.5
99-100 Owns 33.3 21.8 5.4 22.1 10.2 21.6 19.7 10.1 21.9 14.8
7 386 Has access 0.6 0.9 - 0.6 0.3 1.2 - - 12.9 6.8
No access 66.1 77.3 94.3 77.3 88.3 76.1 79.2 88.7 65.2 78.5
Total Owns 33.7 6.4 14.3 39.0 17.3 5.4 48.6 0.4 4.7 25.1
371 678 Has access 7.1 1.3 1.1 3.6 3.9 1.3 2.3 0.2 51.7 29.1
No access 59.1 92.1 84.4 57.2 78.6 93.0 48.9 99.0 43.5 45.5
7 Ownership of and access to assets
92 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 7.2.7 continues
Percentile Ownership/ Animals/land %
group access Cattle Sheep Pig Goat Donkey/ Horse Poultry Ostrich Grazing Field
Deciles mule land for crops
Deciles
1 Owns 27.2 4.2 13.7 33.1 18.2 4.4 55.5 0.1 2.3 34.7
37 191 Has access 10.3 1.2 0.5 2.7 4.5 0.9 1.3 0.4 56.2 27.8
No access 62.3 94.3 85.4 63.6 76.9 94.1 42.9 99.0 41.1 37.1
2 Owns 35.6 2.6 18.9 48.7 19.9 3.8 67.3 0.1 2.6 37.6
37 243 Has access 10.7 1.1 0.4 2.6 4.2 2.5 1.2 - 64.9 35.2
No access 53.7 96.2 80.6 48.5 75.6 93.4 31.4 99.5 32.3 26.9
3 Owns 37.4 4.3 24.8 48.3 24.4 3.3 68.7 0.1 2.8 31.8
37 114 Has access 9.1 1.4 1.2 3.7 6.3 1.2 1.7 0.4 68.6 43.2
No access 53.3 94.1 73.8 47.8 69.3 95.2 29.6 99.4 28.5 24.7
4 Owns 37.4 4.2 22.3 46.7 23.8 3.8 62.8 0.3 3.6 29.4
37 175 Has access 8.4 1.8 1.6 4.3 5.4 1.7 2.7 0.3 64.2 40.2
No access 54.3 93.8 75.9 48.9 70.5 94.0 34.4 98.5 32.0 30.0
5 Owns 36.2 4.8 19.1 44.1 22.4 3.6 60.6 0.1 3.5 28.1
37 160 Has access 7.5 1.0 1.2 4.2 4.0 1.2 2.4 0.1 59.6 34.6
No access 56.1 93.8 79.3 51.6 73.5 95.0 36.9 99.5 36.6 36.8
6 Owns 32.8 7.0 14.3 38.2 16.1 5.3 49.9 0.1 3.3 24.5
37 158 Has access 8.4 1.8 1.2 4.5 4.1 1.7 3.3 0.4 54.6 32.9
No access 58.8 91.0 84.3 57.3 79.8 92.6 46.8 99.5 42.1 42.5
7 Owns 34.2 7.3 11.7 38.9 17.0 5.2 41.8 0.5 5.7 21.7
37 143 Has access 5.2 1.4 1.6 4.0 3.1 1.2 3.8 0.4 47.2 25.4
No access 60.5 91.1 86.3 56.9 79.6 93.3 54.2 98.9 47.0 52.8
8 Owns 36.1 6.4 10.5 38.0 12.4 5.6 35.4 - 4.2 17.8
37 198 Has access 5.6 1.8 0.6 4.6 3.6 1.1 3.2 0.0 47.5 25.1
No access 58.3 91.4 88.5 57.1 83.6 92.8 61.1 99.5 48.0 56.7
9 Owns 32.2 8.3 4.6 31.8 10.9 6.9 26.2 0.2 6.1 14.0
37 132 Has access 4.1 0.4 2.1 4.1 2.6 0.8 2.7 - 34.4 18.3
No access 63.6 91.3 93.1 64.1 86.5 92.3 70.9 99.7 59.3 67.5
10 Owns 28.1 15.1 3.1 22.4 8.0 11.8 17.9 2.7 12.6 11.4
37 166 Has access 1.3 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.2 19.8 8.7
No access 70.5 84.0 96.4 76.5 90.8 87.2 80.8 96.8 67.6 79.9
7 Ownership of and access to assets
Central Bureau of Statistics 93
The proportion of households that own cattle has declined slightly from 37 per cent in 1993/94
to 34 per cent in 2003/04 (Figure 7.2.1). The percentages of households that own poultry
also show a decline from 61 to 49 per cent over the period (Figure 7.2.2). Fewer households
reported to own fi eld for crops in 2003/2004 as compared to the survey in 1993/94.
Figure 7.2.1
Percentage of households that own cattle by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0%
20%
40%
60%
Namibia Rural Urban
1993/94
2003/04
Figure 7.2.2
Percentage of households that own poultry by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0%
30%
60%
90%
Namibia Rural Urban
1993/94
2003/04
7 Ownership of and access to assets
94 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 7.2.3
Percentage of households that own a fi eld for crops by urban/rural areas, 1993/1994-
2003/2004
0%
30%
60%
90%
Namibia Rural Urban
1993/94
2003/04
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 95
8 Annual consumption and income
This chapter reports on the key results from the NHIES relating to the consumption and
income of households. The results provide a comprehensive picture of the living standard of
households as expressed in patterns of consumption and income.
The results show general increases in the levels of consumption and income of Namibian
households over the past 10 years. However, signifi cant differences still exist. Urban areas
have signifi cantly higher levels of consumption and income compared to rural areas. Male
headed households generally have higher consumption and income compared to female
headed households. Moreover, there are sizeable differences in levels of consumption
and income when it comes to the main language spoken in the household. The level of
consumption of the poorest households has improved over the period, indicating a slight
closing of the gap between the poorest and the richest households, resulting in the reduction
of inequality in income distribution. Notwithstanding these improvements, inequality in
income distribution in Namibia remains among the highest in the world.
Defi nitions of consumption and income
Household consumption
Consumption in this report is composed of annualised daily transactions that households recorded in
the Daily Record Book in addition to the annual expenditures reported by households. Consumption
thus includes items consumed frequently by the household member such as food and beverages.
But consumption also includes expenditures that are incurred less frequently for instance clothing,
furniture and electrical appliances, as well as an imputed rent for free occupied or owner occupied
dwellings.
Household income
Household income is derived as the sum of total consumption and non-consumption expenditures
such as for livestock, motor vehicle license, house and land. Savings are not included in computed
household income.
8 Annual consumption and income
96 Central Bureau of Statistics
Defi nitions of percentiles and deciles
In this report adjusted per capita income (APCI) is used to classify households into percentile
groups. The households were ranked from the lowest APCI to the highest. Percentiles are
frequently used to illustrate the skewness of income distribution in a population.
The households were divided into 100 equal sized groups defi ned by APCI. The fi rst (1st)
percentile includes the 1 per cent of the households with the lowest APCI. The 2nd percentile
includes the 1 per cent of households having the lowest APCI after exclusion of the fi rst
percentile. The 3rd percentile includes the 1 per cent of the households having the lowest APCI
after exclusion of the 1st and 2nd percentiles, etc. The 100th percentile includes the 1 per cent of
the households having the highest APCI.
In this report the percentiles are aggregated into groups as follows:
Groups of percentiles
A: APCI = 1-25
This group includes the 25 per cent of the households having lowest APCI.
B: APCI = 26-50
This group includes the 25 per cent of the households, which have a higher APCI than A.
C: APCI = 51-75
This group includes the 25 per cent of the households, which have a higher APCI than A
and B.
D: APCI = 76-90
This group includes the 15 per cent of the households, which have a higher APCI than A to
C
E: APCI = 91-95
This group includes the 5 per cent of the households, which have a higher APCI than A to
D
F: APCI = 96-98
This group includes the 3 per cent of the households, which have a higher APCI than A to
E
G: APCI = 99-100
This group includes the 2 per cent of the households having the highest APCI than A to F.
The number of households in equal sized groups is not quite identical due to the applied
sample weights and rounding.
The deciles include 10 percentiles in each group, which means 10 per cent. The fi rst decile includes
the 10 per cent households with the lowest APCI and the decile number 10 includes the 10 per cent
households with the highest APCI. In the tables the deciles are numbered from 1 to 10.
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 97
8.1 Annual consumption
The following indicators are used in this report to describe annual consumption i.e. total
consumption, average household consumption and consumption per capita in Namibia
Dollar (N$). Results are disaggregated according to various background characteristics of
the households. For ease of analysis and comparison, the data is presented as percentages of
households and population.
The results show that the aggregated total consumption in Namibian households over the
survey period was N$15 639 million or almost N$16 billion (Table 8.1.1). The average annual
household consumption is N$42 078 and a consumption per capita of N$8 546.
The results reveal large disparities between urban and rural areas. Average consumption per
capita is N$4 900 in rural areas compared to N$15 400 in urban areas, more than three times
as high. While rural areas account for 60 per cent of all households in the country and 65 per
cent of the population, they only account for 38 per cent of total consumption.
The region with the highest consumption per capita is Khomas with N$22 400. This is more
than six times the region with the lowest consumption per capita i.e. Ohangwena.
In the regions of Khomas and Erongo, the shares of consumption signifi cantly outweigh the
shares of households (Figure 8.1.1). In other words, the households in these regions account
for a larger share of the nations total consumption than their numbers alone would suggest.
Table 8.1.1
Annual consumption by region and urban/rural areas
Region House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
holds lation household household per capita
size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Caprivi 5.0 4.7 4.6 452 2.9 24 304 5 232
Erongo 7.5 5.4 3.6 1 460 9.3 52 675 14 743
Hardap 4.4 3.7 4.2 680 4.4 41 575 9 977
Karas 4.2 3.4 4.0 673 4.3 43 248 10 780
Kavango 8.7 11.4 6.4 739 4.7 22 849 3 547
Khomas 17.5 14.1 4.0 5 782 37.0 89 065 22 367
Kunene 3.6 3.4 4.6 346 2.2 25 915 5 618
Ohangwena 10.2 12.9 6.3 821 5.2 21 685 3 467
Omaheke 3.6 3.1 4.2 523 3.3 39 152 9 325
Omusati 10.6 12.3 5.7 994 6.4 25 325 4 410
Oshana 8.5 9.3 5.4 1 396 8.9 43 965 8 204
Oshikoto 8.6 9.4 5.4 818 5.2 25 662 4 738
Otjozondjupa 7.7 6.8 4.3 955 6.1 33 251 7 680
Namibia 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
Urban 40.5 34.7 4.2 9 764 62.4 64 863 15 393
Rural 59.5 65.3 5.4 5 875 37.6 26 568 4 914
8 Annual consumption and income
98 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 8.1.1
Annual household consumption by region
0 10 20 30 40
Kunene
Omaheke
Karas
Hardap
Caprivi
Erongo
Otjozondjupa
Oshana
Oshikoto
Kavango
Ohangwena
Omusati
Khomas
Per cent
Consumption
Households
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 99
Female headed households which account for 41 per cent of all households, only command
a 29 per cent share of total consumption (Table 8.1.2). The average consumption in male
headed households is N$50 100 compared to N$30 500 in female headed households.
Similarly, consumption per capita in male headed households is N$10 200 compared to N$6
100 in households headed by females. In other words, consumption per capita is 40 per cent
lower in female headed households.
Table 8.1.2
Annual consumption by urban/rural areas and sex of head of household
Urban/ rural House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
Sex of head holds lation household household per capita
size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Urban
Female 37.6 37.2 4.2 2 602 26.6 45 913 11 013
Male 62.3 62.7 4.2 7 159 73.3 76 324 17 993
Both sexes 100 100 4.2 9 764 100 64 863 15 393
Rural
Female 42.4 42.8 5.5 1 982 33.7 21 130 3 876
Male 56.9 57.0 5.4 3 851 65.5 30 584 5 653
Both sexes 100 100 5.4 5 875 100 26 568 4 914
Namibia
Female 40.5 40.8 5.0 4 584 29.3 30 465 6 132
Male 59.1 59.0 4.9 11 010 70.4 50 113 10 204
Both sexes 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
8 Annual consumption and income
100 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 8.1.3
Annual consumption by main language spoken in household
Main House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
language holds lation household household per capita
spoken size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Khoisan 1.3 1.5 5.6 72 0.5 14 505 2 570
Caprivi languages 5.3 4.9 4.6 573 3.7 29 133 6 362
Otjiherero 8.8 8.1 4.6 1 388 8.9 42 478 9 319
Rukavango 9.3 11.8 6.2 718 4.6 20 659 3 338
Nama/Damara 11.4 10.5 4.5 1 016 6.5 23 920 5 285
Oshiwambo 48.8 51.9 5.2 5 657 36.2 31 188 5 953
Setswana 0.4 0.3 3.8 59 0.4 40 025 10 442
Afrikaans 10.6 8.2 3.8 3 668 23.5 93 156 24 585
German 1.1 0.5 2.5 776 5.0 193 684 77 630
English 1.9 1.3 3.3 1 333 8.5 193 505 58 039
Other 0.7 0.6 4.0 294 1.9 116 106 29 123
Not stated 0.4 0.4 5.0 84 0.5 58 105 11 636
Total 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
Households that comprise of the head and/or a spouse have a per capita consumption of
N$32 750 and households where the head lives alone or with a spouse and with 1 child have
a per capita consumption of N$18 299 (Table 8.1.4). In households where the head lives
alone or with a spouse and with relatives have a lower consumption, N$5 341. Households
where there is one or more orphaned children have a per capita consumption of N$4 562
compared to N$10 580, in households where there are no orphans.
Table 8.1.4
Annual consumption by household composition and orphan hood
Household composition House- Popu- Average
Total consumption
Average Consumption
Orphan hood holds lation household household per capita
size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Household composition
With head or head & spouse only 16.4 4.4 1.3 2 611 16.7 42 745 32 750
With 1 child no relatives 7.7 4.0 2.6 1 352 8.6 47 242 18 299
With 2+ children no relatives 18.1 18.7 5.1 3 462 22.1 51 522 10 134
With relatives 48.0 61.4 6.3 6 003 38.4 33 681 5 341
With non-relatives 9.8 11.5 5.8 2 212 14.1 60 493 10 488
Total 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
Orphan hood
Households without orphans 76.8 66.2 4.2 12 817 82.0 44 926 10 580
Households with orphans 23.2 33.8 7.2 2 822 18.0 32 669 4 562
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 101
There is a strong correlation between educational attainment of the head of household and
consumption in the household (Table 8.1.5). The higher the educational attainment of the
head of household, the higher the consumption per capita. In households where the head
has no formal education the consumption per capita is N$2 910, compared to N$10 993 in
households where the head has attained a secondary education and N$35 329 in households
where the head has a tertiary education.
Table 8.1.5
Annual consumption by highest level of educational attainment
of head of household
Educational House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
attainment holds lation household household per capita
of head size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
No formal education 23.8 27.4 5.7 1 461 9.3 16 530 2 910
Primary 31.4 33.4 5.3 2 591 16.6 22 234 4 233
Secondary 34.2 30.0 4.3 6 040 38.6 47 584 10 993
Tertiary 9.9 8.4 4.2 5 454 34.9 147 477 35 329
Not stated 0.8 0.7 4.2 93 0.6 32 852 7 744
Total 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
Figure 8.1.5
Annual household consumption by highest level of educational attainment
of head of household
0 10 20 30 40 50
Not stated
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
No Formal
Education
Per cent
Consumption
Households
8 Annual consumption and income
102 Central Bureau of Statistics
Consumption per capita is N$67 789 in the relatively few households where commercial
farming is the main source of income (Table 8.1.6). This is in contrast with a larger
proportion of households which reported subsistence farming as the main source of income
but having per capita consumption of N$3 470. The average consumption in households
which reported pension as the main source of income is N$24 898.
Table 8.1.6
Annual consumption by main source of income
Main source House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
of income holds lation household household per capita
size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Salaries/wages 46.3 39.8 4.2 9 599 61.4 55 727 13 165
Subsistence farming 28.9 36.5 6.2 2 315 14.8 21 530 3 470
Commercial farming 0.7 0.5 3.3 619 4.0 224 850 67 789
Business activities 7.1 6.6 4.6 1 664 10.6 63 400 13 772
Pensions 9.2 9.8 5.3 850 5.4 24 898 4 719
Remittances/grants 2.8 2.4 4.2 228 1.5 21 675 5 157
Drought/other receipts 4.0 3.3 4.1 241 1.5 16 150 3 982
Not stated 0.9 1.0 5.7 122 0.8 37 129 6 515
Namibia 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 103
In Table 8.1.7, households are classifi ed in percentile groups and deciles based on adjusted
per capita income (APCI). The fi rst percentile group 1-25 includes the 25 per cent households
with the lowest APCI. The last group includes the 2 per cent households with the highest
APCI. The deciles divide the households in ten equally sized groups.
The table illustrates the skewness of consumption distribution among households in
Namibia. The 25 per cent households (1-25) with the lowest APCI account for only 6.4 per
cent of total annual consumption. On the other hand the two per cent (99-100) households
with the highest APCI account for 15 per cent of the total consumption.
Accordingly, the same skew ness in consumption occurs in the deciles. The ten per cent of
households with the lowest adjusted per capita income (decile one) account for only two per
cent of the total consumption in Namibia. The ten per cent with the highest incomes (decile
ten) account for almost half of all consumption. As a result, the per capita consumption in
decile ten is more than 50 times higher than the per capita consumption in decile one (the
10 per cent households with the lowest income).
Table 8.1.7 Annual consumption by percentile group after
adjusted per capita income
Percentile House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
group holds lation household household per capita
Deciles size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Percentiles
1-25 25.0 34.7 6.8 1 063 6.8 11 432 1 676
26-50 25.0 27.2 5.4 1 690 10.8 18 195 3 396
51-75 25.0 21.5 4.2 2 721 17.4 29 283 6 921
76-90 15.0 11.0 3.6 3 406 21.8 61 151 16 922
91-95 5.0 3.1 3.1 2 327 14.9 125 210 40 771
96-98 3.0 1.6 2.6 2 043 13.1 182 475 69 131
99-100 2.0 0.9 2.3 2 389 15.3 323 386 140 870
Total 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
Deciles
1 10 14.9 7.3 317 2.0 8 510 1 158
2 10 13.4 6.6 474 3.0 12 721 1 931
3 10 12.4 6.1 570 3.6 15 355 2 521
4 10 11.1 5.5 649 4.2 17 466 3 198
5 10 10.1 5.0 744 4.8 20 018 4 038
6 10 8.9 4.4 874 5.6 23 526 5 363
7 10 8.5 4.2 1 139 7.3 30 664 7 286
8 10 7.9 3.9 1 545 9.9 41 523 10 722
9 10 7.2 3.5 2 570 16.4 69 211 19 604
10 10 5.7 2.8 6 758 43.2 181 846 65 249
Monthly per capita consumption for the lowest ten per cent in the income distribution (decile
1) increased from N$30 to N$135 or 4.5 times between the two surveys (Table 8.1.8). This
contrasts with consumption for the top 10 per cent (decile 10) which increased 1.6 times. But
the change in absolute values is greater in the tenth decile than in the fi rst decile. While the
monthly consumption of the fi rst decile increased by N$100, the tenth decile increased by
N$19 000.
8 Annual consumption and income
104 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 8.1.8
Monthly per capita consumption, 1993/1994-2003/2004 (in N$)
Deciles 1993/1994 2003/2004 Ratio of 2003/2004 to 1993/1994 values
1 29.74 135.13 4.5
2 43.11 183.81 4.3
3 57.40 238.35 4.2
4 74.47 302.68 4.1
5 98.85 390.67 4.0
6 134.79 534.44 4.0
7 194.17 748.52 3.9
8 301.52 1 176.32 3.9
9 687.43 2 579.62 3.8
10 31 242.11 49 854.20 1.6
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 105
8.2 Annual income
In the NHIES household income is derived as the sum of total consumption and non-
consumption expenditures such as for livestock, motor vehicle license, house and land.
Savings are not included in computed household income.
The following indicators are used in this report to describe computed annual income i.e. total
income, average household income and income per capita in Namibia Dollar (N$). Results
are disaggregated according to various background characteristics of the households. For
ease of analysis and comparison, the data is presented as percentages of households and
population.
The results show that the aggregated total income in Namibian households over the survey
period was N$16 176 million or N$16 billion (Table 8.2.1). The average annual household
income is N$43 521 and income per capita of N$8 839.
The results reveal large disparities between urban and rural areas. Average income per capita
is N$5 141 in rural areas compared to N$15 810 in urban areas, more than three times as
high. While rural areas account for 60 per cent of all households in the country and 65 per
cent of the population, they only account for 38 per cent of total income.
The region with the highest income per capita is Khomas with N$22 860. This is more than
six times the region with the lowest income per capita i.e Ohangwena.
In the regions of Khomas and Erongo, the shares of income signifi cantly outweigh the shares
of households (Figure 8.2.1). In other words, the households in these regions account for a
larger share of the nations total income than their numbers alone would suggest.
Table 8.2.1
Annual household income by region and urban/rural areas
Region House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
holds lation household household per capita per capita
size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
Caprivi 5.0 4.7 4.6 471 2.9 25 304 5 447 6 411
Erongo 7.5 5.4 3.6 1 480 9.1 53 408 14 948 16 819
Hardap 4.4 3.7 4.2 710 4.4 43 413 10 418 12 092
Karas 4.2 3.4 4.0 695 4.3 44 623 11 123 12 706
Kavango 8.7 11.4 6.4 771 4.8 23 820 3 697 4 427
Khomas 17.5 14.1 4.0 5 909 36.5 91 028 22 860 25 427
Kunene 3.6 3.4 4.6 373 2.3 27 876 6 043 7 240
Ohangwena 10.2 12.9 6.3 841 5.2 22 207 3 551 4 304
Omaheke 3.6 3.1 4.2 584 3.6 43 792 10 431 12 232
Omusati 10.6 12.3 5.7 1 035 6.4 26 369 4 591 5 466
Oshana 8.5 9.3 5.4 1 452 9.0 45 704 8 529 9 963
Oshikoto 8.6 9.4 5.4 854 5.3 26 788 4 945 5 895
Otjozondjupa 7.7 6.8 4.3 1 002 6.2 34 897 8 060 9 457
Namibia 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
Urban 40.5 34.7 4.2 10 028 62.0 66 620 15 810 17 898
Rural 59.5 65.3 5.4 6 147 38.0 27 798 5 141 6 139
8 Annual consumption and income
106 Central Bureau of Statistics
Figure 8.2.1
Annual household income by region
0 10 20 30 40
Kunene
Omaheke
Karas
Hardap
Caprivi
Erongo
Otjozondjupa
Oshana
Oshikoto
Kavango
Ohangwena
Omusati
Khomas
Per cent
Income
Households
Defi nition of adjusted per capita income
Per capita income is calculated as computed income divided by number of persons in the household,
giving each person a weight of 1 regardless of age differences. In this case it is assumed that the
consumption of every member is the same. On the other hand adjusted per capita income (APCI)
is based on the assumption that consumption of children is less than that of adults. Therefore a
child is given a lesser weight than an adult. Such a scale, which defi nes the different weights for
different ages, is known as an adult equivalent scale. The adult equivalent scale used in this report
is given below.
If age <= 5 years then the weight = 0.5
If age is between 6 and 15 years then the weight = 0.75
If age > 15 years then the weight = 1
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 107
Female headed households which account for 41 per cent of all households, only command
a 29 per cent share of total income (Table 8.2.2). The average income in male headed
households is N$51 912 compared to N$31 402 in female headed households. Similarly,
income per capita in male headed households is N$10 570 compared to N$6 320 in
households headed by females. In other words, income per capita is 40 per cent lower in
female headed households.
Table 8.2.2
Annual household income by urban/rural areas and sex of head of household
Urban/rural House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
Sex of head holds lation household household per capita per capita
size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
Urban
Female 37.6 37.2 4.2 2 680 26.7 47 291 11 344 13 037
Male 62.3 62.7 4.2 7 346 73.2 78 311 18 461 20 716
Both sexes 100 100 4.2 10 028 100 66 620 15 810 17 898
Rural
Female 42.4 42.8 5.5 2 044 33.3 21 800 3 999 4 845
Male 56.9 57.0 5.4 4 060 66 32 244 5 960 7 041
Both sexes 100 100 5.4 6 147 100 27 798 5 141 6 139
Namibia
Female 40.5 40.8 5.0 4 724 29.2 31 402 6 320 7 528
Male 59.1 59.0 4.9 11 406 70.5 51 912 10 570 12 248
Both sexes 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
8 Annual consumption and income
108 Central Bureau of Statistics
Household income also varies greatly by main language spoken in households (Table 8.2.3).
Households in which German, English and Afrikaans are the main language spoken reported
the highest income per capita, N$81 772, N$59 593, and N$25 372, respectively. On the
other hand households in which Khoisan, Rukavango, Nama/Damara and Oshiwambo are
the main language spoken reported the lowest income per capita, N$2 642, N$3 464, N$5
421 and N$6 151, respectively.
Comparison shows that German-speaking household have a per capita income that is 31
times higher than the per capita income in Khoisan-speaking household and 13 times that of
the Oshiwambo speaking households.
Table 8.2.3
Annual household income by main language spoken in household
Main House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
language holds lation household household per capita per capita
spoken size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
Khoisan 1.3 1.5 5.6 74 0.5 14 914 2 642 3 263
Caprivi languages 5.3 4.9 4.6 593 3.7 30 178 6 590 7 728
Otjiherero 8.8 8.1 4.6 1 458 9.0 44 610 9 787 11 478
Rukavango 9.3 11.8 6.2 745 4.6 21 439 3 464 4 137
Nama/Damara 11.4 10.5 4.5 1 042 6.4 24 535 5 421 6 366
Oshiwambo 48.8 51.9 5.2 5 845 36.1 32 225 6 151 7 218
Setswana 0.4 0.3 3.8 62 0.4 41 600 10 854 12 793
Afrikaans 10.6 8.2 3.8 3 785 23.4 96 140 25 372 28 684
German 1.1 0.5 2.5 817 5.1 204 018 81 772 87 649
English 1.9 1.3 3.3 1 369 8.5 198 687 59 593 66 898
Other 0.7 0.6 4.0 298 1.8 117 553 29 486 33 461
Not stated 0.4 0.4 5.0 87 0.5 59 767 11 968 14 200
Total 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 109
Households that comprise of the head and/or a spouse have a per capita income of N$34 263
and households where the head lives alone or with a spouse and with 1 child have a per
capita income of N$18 859 (Table 8.2.4). In households where the head lives alone or with
a spouse and with relatives have a lower income, N$5 514. Households where there is one
or more orphaned children have a per capita income of N$4 721 compared to N$10 942, in
households where there are no orphans
Table 8.2.4
Annual household income by household composition and orphan hood
Household composition House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
Orphan hood holds lation household household per capita per capita
size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
Household composition
With head or head & spouse only 16.4 4.4 1.3 2 731 16.9 44 719 34 263 34 294
With 1 child no relatives 7.7 4.0 2.6 1 393 8.6 48 685 18 859 21 383
With 2+ children no relatives 18.1 18.7 5.1 3 576 22.1 53 216 10 467 12 729
With relatives 48.0 61.4 6.3 6 196 38.3 34 768 5 514 6 517
With non-relatives 9.8 11.5 5.8 2 279 14.1 62 325 10 805 12 306
Total 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
Orphan hood
Households without orphans 76.8 66.2 4.2 13 255 81.9 46 462 10 942 12 671
Households with orphans 23.2 33.8 7.2 2 920 18.1 33 809 4 721 5 664
There is a strong correlation between educational attainment of the head of household and
income in the household (Table 8.2.5). The higher the educational attainment of the head of
household, the higher the income per capita. In households where the head has no formal
education the income per capita is N$3 003, compared to N$11 383 in households where the
head has attained a secondary education and N$36 503 in households where the head has a
tertiary education.
Table 8.2.5
Annual household income by highest level of educational attainment
of head of household
Educational House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
attainment holds lation household household per capita per capita
of head size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
No formal education 27.4 23.8 5.7 1 507 9.3 17 057 3 003 3 577
Primary 33.4 31.4 5.3 2 682 16.6 23 016 4 382 5 163
Secondary 30.0 34.2 4.3 6 254 38.7 49 270 11 383 13 163
Tertiary 8.4 9.9 4.2 5 635 34.8 152 375 36 503 41 506
Not stated 0.7 0.8 4.2 97 0.6 34 167 8 054 9 870
Total 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
8 Annual consumption and income
110 Central Bureau of Statistics
Average household income is N$246 946 in the relatively few households where commercial
farming is the main source of income (Table 8.2.6). This is in contrast with a larger
proportion of households which reported subsistence farming as the main source of income
but having average household income of N$22 527. The average income in households
which reported pension as the main source of income is N$25 667.
Table 8.2.6
Annual household income by main source of income
Main House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
source of holds lation household household per capita per capita
income size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
Salaries/wages 46.3 39.8 4.2 9 873 61.0 57 315 13 540 15 487
Subsistence farming 28.9 36.5 6.2 2 422 15.0 22 527 3 631 4 370
Commercial farming 0.7 0.5 3.3 680 4.2 246 946 74 451 83 932
Business income 7.1 6.6 4.6 1 724 10.7 65 661 14 263 16 607
Pensions 9.2 9.8 5.3 877 5.4 25 667 4 865 5 704
Remittances/grants 2.8 2.4 4.2 231 1.4 22 009 5 236 6 116
Drought/in kind receipts 2.4 1.8 3.8 91 0.6 10 364 2 732 3 211
Other 1.6 1.5 4.4 153 0.9 25 058 5 651 6 847
Not stated 0.9 1.0 5.7 124 0.8 37 775 6 628 7 906
Namibia 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
Table 8.2.7 illustrates the skewness of income distribution among households in Namibia.
The 25 per cent households (1-25) with the lowest APCI account for 7 per cent of total
annual income. On the other hand the two per cent (99-100) households with the highest
APCI account for 16 per cent of the total annual income.
The same skewness in income is evident in the deciles. The ten per cent of households with
the lowest adjusted per capita income (decile one) account for only 2 per cent of the total
income in Namibia. The ten per cent with the highest annual income (decile ten) account
for 44 per cent of annual income. As a result, the per capita income in decile ten is 58 times
higher than the per capita income in decile one (the 10 per cent households with the lowest
income).
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 111
Table 8.2.7
Annual household income by percentile group after adjusted per capita income
Percentile House- Popu- Average Total income Average Income Adjusted
group holds lation household household per capita per capita
Deciles size income income
% % Million N$ % N$ N$ N$
Percentiles
1-25 25.0 34.7 6.8 1 073 6.6 11 545 1 692 2 040
26-50 25.0 27.2 5.4 1 717 10.6 18 483 3 450 4 089
51-75 25.0 21.5 4.2 2 804 17.3 30 178 7 132 8 196
76-90 15.0 11.0 3.6 3 537 21.9 63 496 17 571 19 734
91-95 5.0 3.1 3.1 2 414 14.9 129 924 42 306 46 622
96-98 3.0 1.6 2.6 2 123 13.1 189 597 71 829 80 102
99-100 2.0 0.9 2.3 2 507 15.5 339 382 147 838 157 979
Total 100 100 4.9 16 176 100 43 521 8 839 10 358
Deciles
1 10 14.9 7.3 319 2.0 8 590 1 169 1 411
2 10 13.4 6.6 478 3.0 12 831 1 948 2 348
3 10 12.4 6.1 577 3.6 15 544 2 552 3 053
4 10 11.1 5.5 659 4.1 17 722 3 245 3 858
5 10 10.1 5.0 757 4.7 20 382 4 112 4 841
6 10 8.9 4.4 897 5.5 24 147 5 504 6 367
7 10 8.5 4.2 1 173 7.3 31 580 7 504 8 634
8 10 7.9 3.9 1 605 9.9 43 143 11 140 12 618
9 10 7.2 3.5 2 666 16.5 71 809 20 340 22 708
10 10 5.7 2.8 7 044 43.5 189 528 68 005 74 811
8 Annual consumption and income
112 Central Bureau of Statistics
The nominal values (i.e. without adjusting for infl ation) of adjusted per capita income
have increased from N$3 608 in 1993/94 to N$10 358 in 2003/04 (Figure 8.2.2a).
Values have increased in urban areas from N$7 651 to N$17 989 and in rural areas
from N$1 875 to N$6 139.
Adjusted per capita income in male headed households increased from N$4 454 to N$12 248
and that of female headed households from N$2 188 to N$7 528 between the two surveys
(Figure 8.2.2b).
As noted in chapter 1 there have been changes in the methodology between the two surveys,
which implies that any changes should be taken merely as indicative. Therefore, caution should
be exercised before making conclusions from these comparisons.
Figure 8.2.2a
Annual adjusted per capita income (in N$) by urban/rural, 1993/1994-2003/2004
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
NAMIBIA Urban Rural
1993/94
2003/04
Figure 8.2.2b
Adjusted per capita income (in N$) by sex of head of household, 1993/1994-2003/1904
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
Female Male Both sexes
1993/94
2003/04
8 Annual consumption and income
Central Bureau of Statistics 113
Figure 8.2.3
Income per capita (in N$) by main language spoken in the household, 1993/1994-
2003/2004
0 30,000 60,000 90,000
Khoisan
Rukavango
Nama/Damara
Oshiwambo
Caprivi languages
Otjiherero
Setswana
Afrikaans
English
German
2003/04
1993/94
8 Annual consumption and income
114 Central Bureau of Statistics
8.3 The GINI-coeffi cient
The GINI coeffi cient (see defi nition below) for Namibia is 0.604 according to results from
NHIES 2003/2004. It is calculated on the adjusted per capita income for every single
household member. The GINI coeffi cient in 1993/1994 survey was 0.701 and thus the latest
survey shows that inequality in the distribution of incomes has decreased. Despite this
improvement, however the current level of inequality in Namibia is still among the highest
in the world.
Figure 8.3
Lorenz diagram for income distribution among the population in Namibia
Defi nition GINI-coeffi cient
The GINI-coeffi cient is a summary statistics of the Lorenz Curve. It is a measure of the income
distribution in a country. It compares the actual distribution to a totally equal distribution. The
coeffi cient ranges from 0 to 1. An equal distribution of income gives a coeffi cient close to 0. The
more unequal the distribution is the closer the coeffi cient is to 1. The coeffi cient gives different
results depending on how it is calculated. In this survey it is calculated on the adjusted per capita
income of every single household member, which gives a more accurate result. It can also be
calculated on average per capita income per household or per group of persons or households such
as deciles. It is important to know the method of computation to be able to compare over time and
between countries.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 8 17 25 33 41 50 58 66 75 83 91 100
% of population
%
o
f i
nc
om
e
Income distribution
Equal distribution
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 115
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Tables in this chapter on distribution of consumption of selected consumption groups,
food consumption ratio and type of transaction show correlation with various household
characteristics such as educational attainment of the head of household, household composition,
orphan hood and income, (see defi nition in Chapter 8, Annual consumption and income).
1.1 Consumption groups
Table 9.1.1 shows that households in Namibia spend 24 per cent of their total expenditures
on food and beverages (including alcoholic beverages and tobacco), 21 per cent on housing,
16 per cent on transport and communication and 20 per cent of consumption on other goods
and services. The category other includes recreation, culture, accommodation services and
miscellaneous goods and services. Education and health make up a very small proportion of
total household consumption, 2 and 3 per cent, respectively.
Overall, the proportion of household consumption that is spent on food and beverages is highly
related to a households income.
Urban households spend a smaller proportion of their consumption on food and beverages
(16%) than rural households (39%). However, urban households spend a large proportion of
their consumption on housing (24% compared to 17%)
The proportion of food consumption is higher in Omusati, Kavango, Ohangwena and Caprivi
while housing is higher in Khomas, Erongo and Ohangwena.
Table 9.1.1
Annual consumption by consumption group, region and urban/rural areas
Region Annual consumption % Total Average
Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
Caprivi 40.4 14.5 6.6 2.2 2.1 16.2 9.0 9.0 100 452 24 304
Erongo 17.4 23.5 7.1 2.9 1.9 8.2 14.6 24.4 100 1 460 52 675
Hardap 22.0 15.9 4.5 1.5 1.2 11.9 20.8 22.1 100 680 41 575
Karas 22.7 16.6 5.2 1.4 2.0 7.9 18.2 26.0 100 673 43 248
Kavango 42.8 17.6 5.9 1.4 2.5 7.7 9.6 12.5 100 739 22 849
Khomas 12.2 26.8 5.4 1.8 3.2 8.2 19.8 22.7 100 5 782 89 065
Kunene 38.8 17.4 5.6 2.4 1.5 8.4 11.6 14.3 100 346 25 915
Ohangwena 42.3 23.2 7.1 1.4 1.8 5.2 9.0 10.0 100 821 21 685
Omaheke 27.7 11.9 4.4 1.9 3.1 10.6 21.1 19.2 100 523 39 152
Omusati 46.4 16.9 5.4 1.2 2.0 6.0 10.4 11.8 100 994 25 325
Oshana 28.3 15.5 7.0 1.5 3.1 8.7 17.9 18.0 100 1 396 43 965
Oshikoto 39.1 13.4 5.9 1.4 5.6 8.4 9.3 17.0 100 818 25 662
Otjozondjupa 25.4 22.5 6.7 2.1 1.5 8.6 12.4 20.6 100 955 33 251
Namibia 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
Urban 15.7 23.7 6.3 1.9 2.9 8.3 18.3 22.9 100 9 764 64 863
Rural 38.7 17.2 5.2 1.5 2.3 8.7 12.3 14.0 100 5 875 26 568
9 Distribution of annual consumption
116 Central Bureau of Statistics
Consumption on food and beverages is higher in female headed than in male headed
households, 31 per cent of the total annual consumption in a female headed household
compared to 22 per cent in a male headed household. The distribution of consumption on
housing, clothing/footwear, health, education and furnishing does not differ much between
female and male headed households. However, for male headed households, 18 per cent of
the annual consumption is spent on transport/communication and 21 per cent on other items,
compared to 10 and 17 per cent, respectively for female headed households. This difference
in consumption pattern is refl ected in both urban and rural households.
Table 9.1.2
Annual consumption by consumption group, urban/rural areas
and sex of head of household
Urban/rural Annual consumption % Total Average
Sex of head Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
Urban
Female 18.9 27.0 7.2 2.1 2.7 8.6 12.8 20.8 100 2 602 45 913
Male 14.5 22.5 5.9 1.9 3.0 8.2 20.2 23.7 100 7 159 76 324
Both sexes 15.7 23.7 6.3 1.9 2.9 8.3 18.3 22.9 100 9 764 64 863
Rural
Female 46.1 18.6 5.9 1.7 2.0 8.0 6.3 11.4 100 1 982 21 130
Male 35.2 16.6 4.9 1.4 2.5 9.0 14.8 15.5 100 3 851 30 584
Both sexes 38.7 17.2 5.2 1.5 2.3 8.7 12.3 14.0 100 5 875 26 568
Namibia
Female 30.6 23.4 6.6 1.9 2.4 8.3 10.0 16.7 100 4 584 30 465
Male 21.7 20.5 5.6 1.7 2.8 8.5 18.3 20.8 100 11 010 50 113
Both sexes 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 117
According to Table 9.1.3, major differences exist among households with different main
language spoken in the household. The Khoisan speaking households have the lowest annual
average household consumption of N$14 505 and the highest proportion spent on food and
beverages of 62 per cent. The German and English speaking households have the highest
levels of annual average household consumption, N$193 684 and N$193 505 respectively.
They also have the lowest spending on food and beverages; with the German speaking
household spending 10 per cent of their total consumption expenditure on this while the
English speaking households spend 8 per cent.
Households where the main languages spoken are Caprivi languages, Khoisan, Rukavango
or Oshiwambo, there is a lower proportion of consumption on housing, 17 and 18 per cent.
Table 9.1.3
Annual consumption by consumption group and main language spoken in household
Main Annual consumption % Total Average
language Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
spoken beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
Khoisan 62.3 17.2 3.8 0.5 0.3 5.3 4.6 5.9 100 72 14 505
Caprivi languages 33.8 16.5 6.5 1.8 3.3 14.2 11.6 12.4 100 573 29 133
Otjiherero 23.7 22.0 7.2 2.2 3.6 7.0 17.5 16.9 100 1 388 42 478
Rukavango 45.1 17.9 6.3 1.4 2.3 7.5 8.7 10.7 100 718 20 659
Nama/Damara 28.0 21.8 7.7 2.0 2.2 8.0 11.7 18.7 100 1 016 23 920
Oshiwambo 32.9 18.3 7.4 1.4 3.2 6.9 14.6 15.4 100 5 657 31 188
Setswana 23.5 24.4 5.6 1.5 2.5 8.4 12.3 21.7 100 59 40 025
Afrikaans 13.9 24.0 3.9 2.2 1.9 9.3 19.1 25.8 100 3 668 93 156
German 9.7 25.7 2.7 2.3 2.8 11.0 16.7 29.1 100 776 193 684
English 8.4 25.3 3.8 1.8 1.9 9.4 21.5 28.0 100 1 333 193 505
Other 13.2 25.2 5.8 1.5 5.4 17.9 17.0 14.0 100 294 116 106
Not stated 23.0 26.3 4.0 1.5 0.3 6.9 16.6 21.4 100 84 58 105
Total 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
Table 9.1.4 shows that annual consumption sums and consumption patterns vary between
different household compositions. Households with a head or head and spouse spend the
lowest proportion on food and beverages (18%). Households, which include relatives spend
the highest proportion on food and beverages (32%) and the lowest proportion on health
(1.5%).
Households with orphans spend a higher proportion of their consumption on food and
beverages than those without orphans. Average household consumption is also considerably
lower in households with orphans than in non-orphan households.
9 Distribution of annual consumption
118 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.1.4
Annual consumption by consumption group, household composition and orphan
hood
Household composition Annual consumption % Total Average
Orphan hood Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
With head or head & spouse only 18.1 23.3 4.2 2.2 1.2 9.6 17.9 23.5 100 2 611 42 745
With 1 child no relatives 18.5 23.8 4.8 2.0 2.4 8.0 16.1 24.4 100 1 352 47 242
With 2+ children no relatives 21.5 22.4 5.3 1.9 2.9 8.3 16.4 21.3 100 3 462 51 522
With relatives 31.6 20.8 7.1 1.5 2.9 7.0 13.0 16.0 100 6 003 33 681
With non-relatives 19.9 16.9 6.2 1.6 3.5 11.4 21.4 19.1 100 2 212 60 493
Total 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
Orphan hood
Households without orphans 21.9 21.7 5.7 1.8 2.7 8.7 16.7 20.7 100 12 817 44 926
Households with orphans 35.3 19.2 6.6 1.5 2.8 7.1 12.9 14.6 100 2 822 32 669
Table 9.1.5 shows that the proportion of consumption on food and beverages decreases with
the increase in the level of education of the head of household. Households whose heads
have attained tertiary education spend more than one quarter (26%) of their consumption on
other goods and services. They also spend a signifi cant proportion of their consumption on
education compared to other households.
The average consumption is almost 10 times as high in households where the head has attained
tertiary education as in households where the head has no formal education. It is three times as
high as in households where the head has secondary education.
Table 9.1.5
Annual consumption by consumption group and highest level
of educational attainment of head of household
Educational Annual consumption % Total Average
attainment Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
of head beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
No formal education 54.3 21.0 5.8 1.5 1.4 5.6 5.0 5.6 100 1 461 16 530
Primary 41.6 19.7 7.4 1.4 2.7 6.4 10.0 10.5 100 2 591 22 234
Secondary 22.1 20.5 6.7 2.0 2.1 9.1 16.0 21.0 100 6 040 47 584
Tertiary 10.6 23.1 4.3 1.8 3.7 9.5 21.0 26.1 100 5 454 147 477
Not stated 22.5 11.8 4.3 3.4 0.6 8.9 34.0 14.5 100 93 32 852
Total 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 119
Households that reported drought and kind receipts and subsistence farming as their main
source of income have the highest proportion of their consumption on food (52% and 63%).
Commercial farmers use less than10 per cent of their consumption on food and beverages.
Table 9.1.6
Annual consumption by consumption group and main source of income
Main Annual consumption % Total Average
source of Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
income beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
Salaries and/or wages 18.1 21.6 6.6 1.8 2.8 8.1 17.7 23.3 100 9 599 55 727
Subsistence farming 52.4 18.1 5.8 1.3 2.6 6.0 7.1 6.9 100 2 315 21 530
Commercial farming 9.6 14.9 1.9 1.9 2.2 15.9 28.6 25.1 100 619 224 850
Pensions 34.3 26.9 3.5 3.0 0.9 6.7 10.4 14.1 100 850 24 898
Remittances/Grants 34.2 26.1 6.7 1.9 6.2 8.5 8.2 8.1 100 228 21 675
Drought/kind receipts 63.1 22.3 4.3 0.7 0.8 4.7 1.7 2.3 100 91 10 321
Business income 18.1 21.6 4.8 1.8 3.0 12.0 19.1 19.7 100 1 664 63 400
Other 27.0 28.0 3.8 2.1 1.2 8.3 13.4 16.3 100 150 24 540
Not stated 26.9 24.7 5.8 1.3 1.8 7.4 15.6 16.6 100 122 37 129
Total 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
The percentile groups show a skewed distribution of average household consumption
whereby the last two per cent of households reported an average household consumption of
N$323 386 compared to N$11 432 reported by the fi rst quarter. The share of transport and
communication consumption is highest in the last two per cent of households compared to
other consumption items.
The decile grouping shows a much more clear trend on furnishing/equipment and transport,
increasing from the fi rst to the last decile as average household consumption increases.
Food/beverages consumption on the other hand, decreases with an increase in the average
household consumption.
9 Distribution of annual consumption
120 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.1.7
Annual consumption by consumption group, percentile group
after adjusted per capita income
Percentile Annual consumption % Total Average
group Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
Deciles beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
Percentiles
1-25 57.2 22.9 6.6 1.2 1.5 3.7 3.0 4.0 100 1 063 11 432
26-50 51.6 20.4 7.4 1.4 1.4 5.9 5.0 7.0 100 1 690 18 195
51-75 36.9 19.7 8.4 1.5 2.1 7.9 9.9 13.6 100 2 721 29 283
76-90 20.1 20.1 7.3 1.8 3.2 8.7 17.3 21.4 100 3 406 61 151
91-95 11.5 23.3 5.2 2.0 4.3 8.1 19.9 25.7 100 2 327 125 210
96-98 10.0 25.0 3.5 2.0 2.9 10.4 18.4 27.7 100 2 043 182 475
99-100 6.9 19.5 2.3 2.1 2.3 11.1 28.9 26.9 100 2 389 323 386
Total 24.3 21.3 5.9 1.8 2.7 8.4 16.0 19.6 100 15 639 42 078
Deciles
1 56.6 25.0 6.2 1.4 1.6 3.2 2.8 3.3 100 317 8 510
2 57.3 22.1 6.9 1.1 1.4 4.2 3.0 4.0 100 474 12 721
3 56.0 21.4 7.1 1.2 1.3 4.0 3.6 5.2 100 570 15 355
4 52.7 21.2 7.4 1.4 1.3 5.0 4.6 6.4 100 649 17 466
5 49.4 19.4 7.2 1.4 1.6 7.3 5.6 8.0 100 744 20 018
6 42.9 20.7 8.2 1.3 1.8 6.9 7.4 10.8 100 874 23 526
7 36.3 18.8 8.6 1.5 2.0 8.3 10.6 13.9 100 1 139 30 664
8 28.0 19.7 8.2 1.7 2.6 8.9 13.2 17.6 100 1 545 41 523
9 18.2 20.3 7.0 1.9 3.4 8.6 18.3 22.3 100 2 570 69 211
10 9.4 22.5 3.7 2.0 3.2 9.9 22.6 26.7 100 6 758 181 846
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 121
9.2 Food consumption ratio
In the NHIES the share of food consumption of total consumption is used as a crude poverty
measure. If 60 per cent or more of the households total consumption is spent on food then the
household is considered poor while a household is considered. severely poor if 80 per cent
or more of household consumption is spent on food.
In Namibia, 4 per cent of households fi t the above defi nition of severely poor (Table 9.2.1).
The proportion of poor (incl. severely poor) households is 28 per cent.
The share of severely poor households is 6 per cent in rural areas and 1 per cent in urban areas.
The proportion of poor (incl. severely poor) households in rural areas is 42 per cent and 7 per
cent in urban areas.
The regions with the highest shares of poor (incl. severely poor) households are Kavango,
Oshikoto, Omusati and Caprivi with 50, 47, 47 and 44 per cent, respectively. In Khomas 4 per
cent of households can be classifi ed as poor according to this defi nition.
Table 9.2.1
Households by food consumption ratio, region and urban/rural areas
Region Food consumption ratio % Total Total
80-100 60-79 40-59 00-39 Total consumption number of
Per cent of households Million N$ households
Caprivi 7.1 36.5 29.0 27.5 100 452 18 607
Erongo 0.4 5.3 19.6 74.7 100 1 460 27 713
Hardap 4.9 22.7 26.0 46.5 100 680 16 365
Karas 3.1 15.4 24.5 57.0 100 673 15 570
Kavango 8.0 42.4 29.1 20.4 100 739 32 354
Khomas 0.6 3.0 13.0 83.4 100 5 782 64 918
Kunene 11.2 25.7 27.5 35.6 100 346 13 365
Ohangwena 0.2 22.5 49.9 27.5 100 821 37 854
Omaheke 12.4 28.0 26.3 33.3 100 523 13 347
Omusati 1.8 44.9 34.4 18.9 100 994 39 248
Oshana 6.0 25.3 29.5 39.2 100 1 396 31 759
Oshikoto 6.1 40.9 26.5 26.5 100 818 31 871
Otjozondjupa 3.4 15.3 26.6 54.7 100 955 28 707
Namibia 3.9 23.9 27.4 44.8 100 15 639 371 678
Urban 0.6 6.0 18.3 75.0 100 9 764 150 533
Rural 6.1 36.0 33.6 24.3 100 5 875 221 145
9 Distribution of annual consumption
122 Central Bureau of Statistics
It can be derived from the table below that the share of poor and severely poor households
decreases with the increase in the average household consumption (Table 9.2.2).
Table 9.2.2
Household by food consumption ratio and percentile group
after adjusted per capita income
Percentile Adjusted Food consumption ratio % Total Total Average
group per capita 80-100 60-79 40-59 0-39 Total consump- number of household
income tion house- consumption
N$ Per cent of households Million N$ holds N$
1-90 6 223 4.3 26.5 30.2 39.0 100 8 881 334 512 26 549
91-100 74 811 0.3 0.2 2.1 97.5 100 6 758 37 166 181 846
Namibia 10 358 3.9 23.9 27.4 44.8 100 15 639 371 678 42 078
1-25 2 040 5.4 40.8 38.0 15.8 100 1 063 92 985 11 432
26-50 4 089 5.1 32.6 36.1 26.1 100 1 690 92 897 18 195
51-75 8 196 3.8 18.3 27.6 50.3 100 2 721 92 925 29 283
76-90 19 734 1.8 6.2 11.7 80.3 100 3 406 55 706 61 151
91-95 46 622 0.5 0.3 2.7 96.4 100 2 327 18 584 125 210
96-98 80 102 - 0.2 2.3 97.5 100 2 043 11 195 182 475
99-100 157 979 - - - 100 100 2 389 7 386 323 386
The results from NHIES 2003/2004 show that the food consumption ratio has decreased
since the previous NHIES in 1993/1994. If the food consumption ratio is used as an indicator
of poverty, the share of households that are severely poor has been reduced by 55 per cent
and those that are poor (incl. severely poor) by 26 per cent (Figure 9.2).
However, as noted in Chapter 1 (section 1.17.3) it must be kept in mind that the difference
in the results is partly due to the improvements in survey coverage and methodology used
in computation of annual consumption in the latter survey. In NHIES 2003/2004 the sample
size is more than double and a larger number of annual non-food expenditures has been
included in total consumption.
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 123
Figure 9.2
Proportions of households that are poor or severely poor,
1993/1994-2003/2004
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
1993/94 2003/04
Poor
Severely poor
9 Distribution of annual consumption
124 Central Bureau of Statistics
9.3 Annual consumption in kind and cash
At the national level about 75 per cent of total consumption is in cash and 25 per cent is in
kind (Table 9.3.1).
Cash transactions are more common in urban areas, 82 per cent, than in rural areas, 62 per
cent.
In all regions except Ohangwena and Omusati the consumption in cash ranges between 63
per cent in Oshikoto and 84 per cent in Karas. In Ohangwena and Omusati the distribution
between consumption in cash is 52 and 55 per cent, respectively.
The regional distribution is quite similar to the distribution reported in NHIES 1993/1994.
The urban households have increased their consumption in cash from 77 to 82 per cent.
Table 9.3.1
Annual consumption by type of transaction,
region and urban/rural areas
Region Transaction type % Total
consumption
In kind Cash Total Million N$
Caprivi 26.7 73.3 100 452
Erongo 19.6 80.4 100 1 460
Hardap 18.2 81.8 100 680
Karas 15.9 84.1 100 673
Kavango 34.1 65.9 100 739
Khomas 19.9 80.1 100 5 782
Kunene 36.2 63.8 100 346
Ohangwena 47.7 52.3 100 821
Omaheke 24.5 75.5 100 523
Omusati 45.5 54.5 100 994
Oshana 22.3 77.7 100 1 396
Oshikoto 37.4 62.6 100 818
Otjozondjupa 23.4 76.6 100 955
Namibia 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
Urban 17.9 82.1 100 9 764
Rural 38.0 62.0 100 5 875
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 125
Male headed households reported a higher share of cash transactions, 77 per cent, compared
to female headed households, 69 per cent (Table 9.3.2). The pattern is similar in both urban
and rural areas.
Table 9.3.2
Annual consumption by type of transaction,
urban/rural areas and sex of head household
Urban/rural Transaction type % Total
Sex of head consumption
In kind Cash Total Million N$
Urban
Female 20.3 79.7 100 2 602
Male 17.0 83.0 100 7 159
Both sexes 17.9 82.1 100 9 764
Rural
Female 45.7 54.3 100 1 982
Male 34.3 65.7 100 3 851
Both sexes 38.0 62.0 100 5 875
Namibia
Female 31.3 68.7 100 4 584
Male 23.0 77.0 100 11 010
Both sexes 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
Households where the main language spoken is English, 84 per cent reported that they use
cash transactions compared to 40 per cent in Khoisan-speaking households (Table 9.3.3).
Table 9.3.3
Annual consumption by type of transaction
and main language spoken in household
Main Transaction type % Total
language consumption
spoken In kind Cash Total Million N$
Khoisan 59.9 40.1 100 72
Caprivi languages 22.0 78.0 100 573
Otjiherero 26.6 73.4 100 1 388
Rukavango 36.0 64.0 100 718
Nama/Damara 24.2 75.8 100 1 016
Oshiwambo 31.3 68.7 100 5 657
Setswana 22.6 77.4 100 59
Afrikaans 19.5 80.5 100 3 668
German 21.1 78.9 100 776
English 16.3 83.7 100 1 333
Other 11.5 88.5 100 294
Not stated 24.8 75.2 100 84
Total 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
9 Distribution of annual consumption
126 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.3.4 shows that households, composed by head or head and spouse only, have the
highest transactions in cash (80%) followed by households with non-relatives (79%).
Households without orphans reported a higher consumption in cash compared to households
with orphans, 77 per cent compared to 65 per cent.
Table 9.3.4
Annual consumption by type of transaction, household composition
and orphan hood
Household composition Transaction type % Total
Orphan hood consumption
In kind Cash Total Million N$
With head or head & spouse only 20.2 79.8 100 2 611
With 1 child no relatives 23.9 76.1 100 1 352
With 2+ children no relatives 23.8 76.2 100 3 462
With relatives 30.4 69.6 100 6 003
With non-relatives 21.5 78.5 100 2 212
Total 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
Orphan hood
Households without orphans 23.4 76.6 100 12 817
Households with orphans 34.6 65.4 100 2 822
There is a correlation between the educational attainment of the head of household and the
type of transactions (Table 9.3.5). The proportion of cash transactions increases with the
increase in the educational attainment of the head of household.
Table 9.3.5
Annual consumption by type of transaction and highest level
of educational attainment of head of household
Educational Transaction type % Total
attainment consumption
of head In kind Cash Total Million N$
No formal education 53.0 47.0 100 1 461
Primary 37.2 62.8 100 2 591
Secondary 20.7 79.3 100 6 040
Tertiary 17.8 82.2 100 5 454
Not stated 21.2 78.8 100 93
Total 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
Households, which reported drought relief or in kind receipts and subsistence farming
as main source of income have more than half of their consumption transactions in kind
(Table 9.3.6). The proportion of in kind transactions of households, which reported
commercial farming and salaries and wages as main source of income is 17 and 19 per cent,
respectively.
9 Distribution of annual consumption
Central Bureau of Statistics 127
Table 9.3.6
Annual consumption by type of transaction and main source of income
Main source Transaction type % Total
of income consumption
In kind Cash Total Million N$
Salaries and/or wages 18.7 81.3 100 9 599
Subsistence farming 53.0 47.0 100 2 315
Commercial farming 17.1 82.9 100 619
Pensions 38.2 61.8 100 850
Remittances/grants 26.7 73.3 100 228
Drought/kind receipts 63.7 36.3 100 91
Business income 19.6 80.4 100 1 664
Other 27.5 72.5 100 150
Not stated 31.2 68.8 100 122
Total 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
Table 9.3.7 shows that in kind transactions decrease with increase in income. The higher the
adjusted per capita income is, the lower are the proportions of in kind transactions.
Table 9.3.7
Annual consumption by type of transaction and percentile group
after adjusted per capita income
Percentile group Transaction type % Total
Deciles consumption
In kind Cash Total Million N$
Percentiles
1-25 57.4 42.6 100 1 063
26-50 46.7 53.3 100 1 690
51-75 29.0 71.0 100 2 721
76-90 18.8 81.2 100 3 406
91-95 17.2 82.8 100 2 327
96-98 18.1 81.9 100 2 043
99-100 15.9 84.1 100 2 389
Total 25.4 74.6 100 15 639
Deciles
1 56.0 44.0 100 317
2 57.4 42.6 100 474
3 54.2 45.8 100 570
4 49.4 50.6 100 649
5 43.0 57.0 100 744
6 36.1 63.9 100 874
7 27.1 72.9 100 1 139
8 22.0 78.0 100 1 545
9 18.2 81.8 100 2 570
10 17.0 83.0 100 6 758
9 Distribution of annual consumption
128 Central Bureau of Statistics
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 129
APPENDICES
Appendices
130 Central Bureau of Statistics
Appendix 1 Regional tables distributed by urban/rural
areas
Table 6.1.1UR
Households by distance to drinking water and urban/rural areas within regions
Region and
urban/rural
areas
Distance in km to drinking water Total
0 1 2 3 4-5 6-10 >10 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Caprivi
Urban 84.9 13.0 1.6 0.6 - - - 100 5 145
Rural 54.7 27.6 11.1 5.1 0.8 0.6 - 100 13 462
Total 63.1 23.5 8.5 3.9 0.6 0.4 - 100 18 607
Erongo
Urban 98.2 1.8 - - - - - 100 23 211
Rural 72.6 18.5 5.3 1.2 1.7 0.6 - 100 4 502
Total 94.0 4.5 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 - 100 27 713
Hardap
Urban 94.7 5.3 - - - - - 100 6 457
Rural 81.3 13.9 3.3 - - 1.5 - 100 9 908
Total 86.6 10.5 2.0 - - 0.9 - 100 16 365
Karas
Urban 95.4 3.2 1.1 0.4 - - - 100 8 372
Rural 86.5 11.4 0.9 - - 1.1 - 100 7 198
Total 91.3 7.0 1.0 0.2 - 0.5 - 100 15 570
Kavango
Urban 91.7 5.8 1.6 0.6 0.3 - - 100 6 491
Rural 16.7 37.6 21.9 7.7 8.1 6.9 1.0 100 25 864
Total 31.7 31.2 17.9 6.3 6.6 5.5 0.8 100 32 354
Khomas
Urban 97.4 2.5 - - - - - 100 60 021
Rural 91.3 7.2 1.0 - - 0.5 - 100 4 896
Total 97.0 2.9 0.1 - - 0.0 - 100 64 918
Kunene
Urban 95.3 4.7 - - - - - 100 4 356
Rural 54.0 26.9 7.0 5.5 3.8 2.0 0.9 100 9 008
Total 67.5 19.6 4.7 3.7 2.6 1.3 0.6 100 13 365
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 131
Table 6.1.1UR Continued..
Region and
urban/rural
areas
Distance in km to drinking water Total
0 1 2 3 4-5 6-10 >10 Total number of
Per cent of households households
Ohangwena
Urban 85.1 12.7 2.0 0.2 - - - 100 757
Rural 24.1 43.3 18.3 3.7 7.3 2.9 0.2 100 37 098
Total 25.3 42.7 18.0 3.6 7.1 2.9 0.2 100 37 854
Omaheke
Urban 95.5 4.0 0.4 - - - - 100 3 238
Rural 81.5 14.8 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.9 - 100 10 109
Total 84.9 12.2 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 - 100 13 347
Omusati
Urban 88.9 10.5 0.3 - 0.2 - - 100 699
Rural 26.9 47.9 14.2 5.3 4.0 1.7 - 100 38 549
Total 28.0 47.3 14.0 5.2 3.9 1.7 - 100 39 248
Oshana
Urban 95.2 3.9 0.9 - - - - 100 13 070
Rural 42.1 35.2 11.9 5.0 4.0 1.6 0.1 100 18 689
Total 64.0 22.3 7.4 2.9 2.4 1.0 0.1 100 31 759
Oshikoto
Urban 95.2 4.8 - - - - - 100 4 151
Rural 38.3 24.1 23.0 1.2 7.8 4.9 0.6 100 27 719
Total 45.7 21.6 20.0 1.0 6.8 4.3 0.5 100 31 871
Otjozondjupa
Urban 95.2 4.2 0.6 - - - - 100 14 565
Rural 87.3 7.8 1.4 2.6 0.5 0.3 - 100 14 142
Total 91.3 6.0 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.1 - 100 28 707
Namibia
Urban 96.0 3.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 - - 100 150 533
Rural 43.8 31.5 13.4 3.8 4.5 2.6 0.3 100 221 145
Total 64.9 20.2 8.1 2.3 2.7 1.6 0.2 100 371 678
Appendices
132 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 8.1.1UR
Annual consumption by urban/rural areas within regions
Region and
urban/rural
areas
House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
holds lation household household per capita
size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Caprivi
Urban 27.6 29.3 4.9 219 48.3 42 496 8 620
Rural 72.4 70.7 4.5 234 51.7 17 352 3 825
Total 100 100 4.6 452 100 24 304 5 232
Erongo
Urban 83.8 83.8 3.6 1 183 81.1 50 981 14 254
Rural 16.2 16.2 3.6 276 18.9 61 413 17 281
Total 100 100 3.6 1 460 100 52 675 14 743
Hardap
Urban 39.5 43.2 4.6 299 43.9 46 255 10 148
Rural 60.5 56.8 3.9 382 56.1 38 525 9 847
Total 100 100 4.2 680 100 41 575 9 977
Karas
Urban 53.8 56.1 4.2 385 57.1 45 936 10 967
Rural 46.2 43.9 3.8 289 42.9 40 121 10 540
Total 100 100 4.0 673 100 43 248 10 780
Kavango
Urban 20.1 18.6 6.0 261 35.3 40 177 6 711
Rural 79.9 81.4 6.6 478 64.7 18 500 2 821
Total 100 100 6.4 739 100 22 849 3 547
Khomas
Urban 92.5 94.2 4.1 5 502 95.2 91 672 22 600
Rural 7.5 5.8 3.1 280 4.8 57 104 18 584
Total 100 100 4.0 5 782 100 89 065 22 367
Kunene
Urban 32.6 34.6 4.9 114 33 26 269 5 361
Rural 67.4 65.4 4.5 232 67 25 743 5 754
Total 100 100 4.6 346 100 25 915 5 618
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 133
Table 8.1.1UR Continued...
Region and
urban/rural
areas
House- Popu- Average Total consumption Average Consumption
holds lation household household per capita
size consumption
% % Million N$ % N$ N$
Ohangwena
Urban 2.0 1.3 4.0 33 4.1 44 044 11 120
Rural 98.0 98.7 6.3 788 95.9 21 229 3 369
Total 100 100 6.3 821 100 21 685 3 467
Omaheke
Urban 24.3 24.6 4.3 146 27.9 45 082 10 579
Rural 75.7 75.4 4.2 377 72.1 37 252 8 916
Total 100 100 4.2 523 100 39 152 9 325
Omusati
Urban 1.8 1.0 3.1 27 2.7 38 786 12 596
Rural 98.2 99.0 5.8 967 97.3 25 081 4 331
Total 100 100 5.7 994 100 25 325 4 410
Oshana
Urban 41.2 32.7 4.3 858 61.5 65 678 15 446
Rural 58.8 67.3 6.1 538 38.5 28 779 4 693
Total 100 100 5.4 1 396 100 43 965 8 204
Oshikoto
Urban 13.0 9.5 3.9 190 23.2 45 761 11 595
Rural 87.0 90.5 5.6 628 76.8 22 652 4 019
Total 100 100 5.4 818 100 25 662 4 738
Otjozondjupa
Urban 50.7 53.8 4.6 547 57.3 37 524 8 172
Rural 49.3 46.2 4.1 408 42.7 28 850 7 107
Total 100 100 4.3 955 100 33 251 7 680
Namibia
Urban 40.5 34.7 4.2 9 764 62.4 64 863 15 393
Rural 59.5 65.3 5.4 5 875 37.6 26 568 4 914
Total 100 100 4.9 15 639 100 42 078 8 546
Appendices
134 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.1.1UR
Annual consumption by consumption group and urban/rural areas within regions
Region and
urban/rural
areas
Annual consumption % Total Average
Food/ Housing Clo- Health Edu- Furni- Trans- Other Total con- house-
beve- thing/ cation shing/ port/ sump- hold
rages foot- equip- com- tion consump-
wear ment muni- Million tion
cation N$ N$
Caprivi
Urban 27.8 18.3 7.1 2.0 2.4 15.8 13.7 12.8 100 219 42 496
Rural 52.3 10.9 6.2 2.3 1.7 16.4 4.6 5.5 100 234 17 352
Total 40.4 14.5 6.6 2.2 2.1 16.2 9.0 9.0 100 452 24 304
Erongo
Urban 18.5 23.0 7.7 3.0 2.0 6.9 14.6 24.2 100 1 183 50 981
Rural 12.9 25.5 4.5 2.2 1.4 13.4 14.9 25.1 100 276 61 413
Total 17.4 23.5 7.1 2.9 1.9 8.2 14.6 24.4 100 1 460 52 675
Hardap
Urban 20.4 19.3 5.9 1.9 1.0 9.4 19.1 23.0 100 299 46 255
Rural 23.3 13.3 3.5 1.2 1.4 13.9 22.1 21.3 100 382 38 525
Total 22.0 15.9 4.5 1.5 1.2 11.9 20.8 22.1 100 680 41 575
Karas
Urban 21.0 18.9 6.4 1.6 2.3 7.9 15.8 26.0 100 385 45 936
Rural 25.1 13.4 3.6 1.2 1.5 7.8 21.4 26.0 100 289 40 121
Total 22.7 16.6 5.2 1.4 2.0 7.9 18.2 26.0 100 673 43 248
Kavango
Urban 27.7 18.8 7.2 1.7 3.3 11.2 13.3 16.7 100 261 40 177
Rural 51.0 17.0 5.1 1.2 2.0 5.8 7.6 10.2 100 478 18 500
Total 42.8 17.6 5.9 1.4 2.5 7.7 9.6 12.5 100 739 22 849
Khomas
Urban 12.0 27.0 5.5 1.8 3.3 7.8 19.7 22.9 100 5 502 91 672
Rural 15.8 22.3 3.2 1.9 1.3 15.8 20.8 18.9 100 280 57 104
Total 12.2 26.8 5.4 1.8 3.2 8.2 19.8 22.7 100 5 782 89 065
Kunene
Urban 29.5 17.4 8.6 2.2 2.0 10.5 11.5 18.2 100 114 26 269
Rural 43.4 17.4 4.1 2.5 1.3 7.4 11.6 12.3 100 232 25 743
Total 38.8 17.4 5.6 2.4 1.5 8.4 11.6 14.3 100 346 25 915
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 135
Appendix 2 Detailed tables
Table 7.1.9 Households by ownership of and access to assets
Assets Owns Has access Has no access Not stated Total
Radio 71.4 13.1 15.3 0.1 100
Stereo/Hi-Fi 24.4 6.6 68.7 0.3 100
Tape recorder 27.9 6.4 65.3 0.4 100
Television 29.1 10.3 60.3 0.3 100
Satellite dish 8.3 3.8 87.6 0.4 100
Video cassette recorder/DVD 12.6 4.2 82.7 0.4 100
Telephone/cell phone 33.5 33.3 33.0 0.3 100
Refrigerator 30.3 6.3 63.1 0.3 100
Stove, gas or electric 42.5 2.3 54.9 0.3 100
Microwave 11.7 1.8 86.2 0.3 100
Freezer 19.3 5.2 75.3 0.3 100
Washing machine 13.9 2.3 83.6 0.2 100
Motor vehicle 18.5 28.1 53.1 0.3 100
Motor cycle/scooter 1.1 0.9 97.6 0.5 100
Sewing/knitting machine 15.9 6.2 77.5 0.4 100
Donkey/ox cart 8.3 7.6 83.7 0.4 100
Plough 22.6 13.0 64.1 0.3 100
Tractor 1.3 12.0 86.3 0.5 100
Wheelbarrow 19.1 12.5 68.0 0.4 100
Grinding mill 1.9 9.8 88.0 0.4 100
Bicycle 15.6 6.9 76.9 0.6 100
Computer 5.4 6.5 87.7 0.5 100
Internet service 2.8 5.6 91.2 0.4 100
Canoe/boat 1.5 2.1 95.9 0.4 100
Motorboat 0.3 0.5 98.8 0.5 100
Camera 13.8 9.7 76.1 0.4 100
Appendices
136 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.1.9
Average annual household consumption by region, urban/rural areas and
consumption items, Namibian Dollar
Consumption items Caprivi Erongo Hardap Karas Kavango Khomas Kunene Ohangwena
Total number of households 18 607 27 713 16 365 15 570 32 354 64 918 13 365 37 854
Average household size 4.6 3.6 4.2 4.0 6.4 4.0 4.6 6.3
Food expenditures, cash 6 585 8 231 6 768 8 504 5 516 10 331 4 681 3 550
Bread and cereals 2 324 1 564 1 269 1 658 2 176 1 881 1 575 1 370
Meat 997 1 672 1 220 1 795 809 2 046 657 597
Fish 548 291 76 177 340 318 57 405
Milk, cheese and eggs 352 635 465 525 231 933 239 71
Oils and fats 300 323 218 282 242 385 213 148
Vegetables 376 537 335 495 323 709 189 142
Fruits, nuts and berries 94 187 92 168 62 338 45 39
Sugar 495 536 642 653 381 690 593 253
Non-alcoholic beverages 555 644 486 653 318 1 001 402 136
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 244 853 586 928 347 943 374 257
Other food 199 639 1 185 929 240 457 191 88
Ready-made foods 101 349 194 241 49 630 145 43
Food consumption, in kind 3 242 959 2 394 1 327 4 269 499 5 377 5 618
Bread and cereals 1 414 85 226 91 1 816 61 402 3 152
Meat 248 242 911 423 318 144 990 564
Fish 283 143 28 29 259 19 12 75
Vegetables 504 32 25 39 924 21 129 882
Fruits, nuts and berries 110 6 16 23 409 13 19 136
Other food in kind 684 451 1 188 720 543 242 3 823 809
Total food 9 827 9 190 9 162 9 831 9 785 10 830 10 058 9 167
Clothing and footwear 1 609 3 760 1 891 2 242 1 337 4 801 1 448 1 545
Housing 3 529 12 367 6 611 7 171 4 031 23 842 4 509 5 024
Furnishing and utensils 3 927 4 308 4 967 3 407 1 758 7 332 2 186 1 136
Health 523 1 501 637 617 323 1 578 625 295
Transport and
communication 2 194 7 707 8 636 7 886 2 203 17 607 2 995 1 955
Education 501 995 503 855 560 2 854 391 395
Recreation and culture 492 2 073 1 163 1 673 533 4 004 386 229
Other 1 703 10 775 8 005 9 567 2 320 16 217 3 316 1 939
Total non-food consumption 14 478 43 485 32 413 33 416 13 064 78 235 15 856 12 517
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 24 305 52 675 41 575 43 247 22 849 89 064 25 914 21 685
Total consumption 1993/1994 5 479 15 087 13 484 15 722 7 537 34 152 7 882 6 111
Ratio consumption 2003/2004
over consumption 1993/1994 4.4 3.5 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.6 3.3 3.5
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 137
Table 9.1.9 Continued...
Consumption items Omaheke Omusati Oshana Oshikoto Otjozond-
jupa
Namibia Urban Rural
Total number of households 13 347 39 248 31 759 31 871 28 707 371 678 150 533 221 145
Average household size 4.2 5.7 5.4 5.4 4.3 4.9 4.2 5.4
Food expenditures, cash 5 130 4 246 7 820 3 516 6 388 6 507 9 557 4 431
Bread and cereals 1 257 1 269 1 974 896 1 465 1 610 1 950 1 378
Meat 728 771 1 545 699 1 124 1 202 1 913 718
Fish 38 474 628 219 111 321 332 313
Milk, cheese and eggs 336 116 374 153 428 409 754 174
Oils and fats 197 149 275 156 287 253 382 166
Vegetables 182 260 568 200 309 391 653 212
Fruits, nuts and berries 86 88 235 47 88 143 253 68
Sugar 920 322 532 328 656 512 648 420
Non-alcoholic beverages 494 306 730 316 457 530 870 298
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 541 341 605 327 599 556 821 376
Other food 259 100 262 128 671 370 566 237
Ready-made foods 92 52 92 48 194 209 416 69
Food consumption, in kind 5 717 7 501 4 631 6 534 2 073 3 731 598 5 864
Bread and cereals 318 4 167 2 429 2 551 235 1 490 110 2 430
Meat 973 754 391 1 100 485 514 123 779
Fish 12 98 93 47 27 86 43 116
Vegetables 37 978 665 1 075 57 467 45 754
Fruits, nuts and berries 14 531 269 142 22 153 16 247
Other food in kind 4 364 974 784 1 618 1 247 1 021 260 1 539
Total food 10 846 11 748 12 452 10 050 8 461 10 238 10 155 10 294
Clothing and footwear 1 739 1 372 3 063 1 520 2 239 2 474 4 062 1 394
Housing 4 663 4 279 6 829 3 451 7 483 8 955 15 392 4 574
Furnishing and utensils 4 166 1 512 3 840 2 167 2 865 3 551 5 373 2 311
Health 734 299 660 347 706 747 1 248 406
Transport and communication 8 266 2 633 7 856 2 394 4 124 6 738 11 842 3 264
Education 1 233 495 1 351 1 435 509 1 133 1 909 605
Recreation and culture 748 377 964 547 1 052 1 361 2 641 489
Other 6 757 2 610 6 950 3 822 5 810 6 881 12 242 3 231
Total non-food consumption 28 306 13 578 31 513 15 685 24 789 31 840 54 708 16 273
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 39 152 25 325 43 965 25 735 33 251 42 078 64 863 26 568
Total consumption 1993/1994 12 936 7 746 8 928 7 407 10 374 12 783 22 912 7 601
Ratio consumption 2003/2004
over consumption 1993/1994 3.0 3.3 4.9 3.5 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.5
Appendices
138 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.1.10
Average annual household consumption by urban/rural areas,
sex of head of household and consumption items, Namibian Dollar
Consumption items Urban Rural Namibia
Female Male Both Female Male Both Female Male Both
sexes sexes sexes
Total number of households 56 671 93 803 150 533 93 781 125 905 221 145 150 451 219 709 371 678
Average household size 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.9
Food expenditures, cash 7 993 10 504 9 557 3 854 4 894 4 431 5 413 7 289 6 507
Bread and cereals 1 811 2 034 1 950 1 313 1 438 1 378 1 501 1 692 1 610
Meat 1 675 2 057 1 913 633 787 718 1 026 1 329 1 202
Fish 286 359 332 359 279 313 331 313 321
Milk, cheese and eggs 613 839 754 149 194 174 324 469 409
Oils and fats 355 398 382 155 176 166 230 270 253
Vegetables 547 718 653 189 230 212 324 438 391
Fruits, nuts and berries 195 288 253 66 69 68 115 163 143
Sugar 629 659 648 340 484 420 449 559 512
Non-alcoholic beverages 694 977 870 231 351 298 406 618 530
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 464 1 038 821 217 499 376 310 729 556
Other food 493 610 566 165 293 237 289 428 370
Ready-made foods 231 527 416 37 93 69 110 279 209
In Kind 671 553 598 5 877 5 883 5 864 3 916 3 607 3 731
Bread and cereals 139 92 110 2 686 2 247 2 430 1 727 1 327 1 490
Meat 139 114 123 657 875 779 462 550 514
Fish 38 46 43 118 113 116 88 85 86
Vegetables 58 36 45 879 663 754 570 395 467
Fruits, nuts and berries 18 15 16 280 224 247 181 134 153
Other food in kind 280 249 260 1 256 1 761 1 539 888 1 115 1 021
Total food 8 664 11 057 10 155 9 731 10 777 10 294 9 329 10 897 10 238
Clothing and footwear 3 302 4 521 4 062 1 247 1 511 1 394 2 021 2 796 2 474
Housing 12 386 17 211 15 392 3 934 5 074 4 574 7 118 10 256 8 955
Furnishing and utensils 3 948 6 229 5 373 1 694 2 765 2 311 2 543 4 244 3 551
Health 946 1 431 1 248 366 439 406 584 862 747
Transport and communication 5 883 15 446 11 842 1 334 4 536 3 264 3 047 9 194 6 738
Education 1 231 2 319 1 909 414 753 605 722 1 421 1 133
Recreation and culture 1 548 3 302 2 641 233 686 489 728 1 803 1 361
Other 8 005 14 808 12 242 2 178 4 045 3 231 4 372 8 640 6 881
Total non-food consumption 37 248 65 267 54 708 11 400 19 807 16 273 21 136 39 216 31 840
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 45 912 76 325 64 863 21 130 30 584 26 568 30 465 50 112 42 078
Total consumption 1993/1994 14 409 27 001 22 912 5 907 8 769 7 601 8 367 15 489 12 783
Consumption 2003/2004
over consumption 1993/1994 3.2 2.8 2.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.3
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 139
Table 9.1.11
Average annual household consumption by main language spoken and
consumption items, Namibian Dollar
Consumption items Khoisan Caprivi
languages
Otjiherero Rukavango Nama/Damara Oshiwambo
Total number of households 4 967 19 664 32 686 34 748 42 484 181 395
Average household size 5.6 4.6 4.6 6.2 4.5 5.2
Food expenditures, cash 6 020 8 805 9 181 8 222 6 973 7 762
Bread and cereals 1 352 2 449 1 830 2 564 1 409 1 656
Meat 849 1 216 1 504 1 012 1 311 1 172
Fish 474 638 293 506 268 586
Milk, cheese and eggs 653 505 931 370 517 466
Oils and fats 251 435 417 456 285 343
Vegetables 211 487 452 501 364 492
Fruits, nuts and berries 248 259 255 261 205 291
Sugar 726 553 797 652 704 567
Non-alcoholic beverages 359 755 583 515 481 669
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 557 769 951 785 635 847
Other food 201 334 550 382 467 327
Ready-made foods 139 405 618 218 327 346
In Kind 13 038 6 576 12 090 7 259 6 581 10 112
Bread and cereals 2 559 2 004 827 2 210 568 3 410
Meat 1 953 465 1 599 755 1 231 1 016
Fish 473 628 432 533 327 290
Vegetables 834 662 608 1 093 206 1 063
Fruits, nuts and berries 420 324 281 728 178 783
Other food in kind 6799 2493 8343 1940 4071 3550
Total food 19 058 15 381 21 271 15 481 13 554 17 874
Clothing and footwear 792 1 952 3 401 1 506 2 120 2 408
Housing 2 501 4 823 9 365 3 707 5 207 5 723
Furnishing and utensils 908 4 143 3 173 1 807 2 034 2 223
Health 119 539 1 056 311 524 465
Transport and
communication 2 254 4 006 8 214 2 392 3 647 4 897
Education 270 1 487 2 576 664 919 1 417
Recreation and culture 659 1 387 1 598 781 1 057 778
Other 1 186 3 052 6 987 2 632 4 344 4 696
Total non-food consumption 8 689 21 389 36 370 13 800 19 852 22 607
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 27 747 36 770 57 641 29 281 33 406 40 481
Total consumption 1993/1994 5 337 5 983 10 651 7 151 7 529 8 016
Consumption 2003/2004
over consumption 1993/1994 5.2 6.1 5.4 4.1 4.4 5.1
Appendices
140 Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 9.1.11 Continued...
Consumption items Setswana Afrikaans German English Other Total
Total number of households 1 479 39 374 4 005 6 889 2 532 371 678
Average household size 3.8 3.8 2.5 3.3 4.0 4.9
Food expenditures, cash 8 762 14 702 22 906 18 155 16 978 9 515
Bread and cereals 947 1 652 1 924 1 962 2 760 1 777
Meat 1 921 2 835 3 110 3 113 3 105 1 476
Fish 314 518 1 121 674 736 561
Milk, cheese and eggs 721 1 209 2 309 1 633 1 353 703
Oils and fats 233 479 682 596 831 389
Vegetables 447 876 1 733 1 483 1 535 581
Fruits, nuts and berries 325 453 1 230 893 624 350
Sugar 1 028 767 883 661 704 649
Non-alcoholic beverages 578 1 033 1 371 1 758 1 568 718
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 1 167 1 954 3 172 2 000 1 910 1 019
Other food 501 1 535 1 796 760 571 563
Ready-made foods 580 1 391 3 575 2 622 1 281 729
In Kind 9 545 12 096 12 907 6 883 7 114 10 644
Bread and cereals 698 646 887 349 1 061 2 743
Meat 2 700 2 594 2 084 776 1 551 1 137
Fish 260 1 317 384 1 103 349 411
Vegetables 287 473 710 329 254 986
Fruits, nuts and berries 40 403 389 103 186 690
Other food in kind 5560 6663 8453 4223 3713 4677
Total food 18 307 26 798 35 813 25 038 24 092 20 159
Clothing and footwear 2 544 3 907 5 892 7 719 7 163 2 673
Housing 9 779 22 364 49 827 48 924 29 268 8 957
Furnishing and utensils 3 667 9 077 21 663 18 251 22 983 3 747
Health 710 2 324 4 729 3 680 2 242 825
Transport and communication 5 641 19 058 32 289 41 913 20 124 7 656
Education 1 772 3 329 13 040 6 486 9 522 1 766
Recreation and culture 3 330 4 967 15 307 9 341 6 665 1 970
Other 8 260 20 632 41 465 44 972 10 792 7 794
Total non-food consumption 35 703 85 658 184 212 181 286 108 759 35 388
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 54 010 112 456 220 025 206 324 132 851 55 547
Total consumption 1993/1994 12 425 33 750 56 105 50 029 37 365 12 783
Consumption 2003/2004
over consumption 1993/1994 4.3 3.3 3.9 4.1 3.6 4.3
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 141
Appendix 3 Sampling errors
Since the sample survey results are estimates of the population fi gures there will
be a difference between the survey estimates and the actual population fi gures.
This difference occurs because the data was collected from a sample of units
rather than the whole population and hence is called the sampling error.
If probability sampling was used in the selection procedure of the units then the
sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of households (10 920)
selected for the NHIES 2003/04 is one sample out of a large number of samples
of same size and design, which could have been selected from the Namibian
households (population). Each of these samples would have produced somewhat
different estimates from NHIES actual sample and all these estimates would
have been around the population fi gure, which the survey is trying to fi nd out.
Measurement of sampling error of a certain characteristic is the measure of the
variability of that characteristic between all possible samples of same size and
design. Since it is not practical to implement all possible samples, the degree of
the variability cannot be measured exactly but it can be estimated from the survey
results of the single actual sample.
The NHIES 2003/04 estimates take the form of totals, means or averages,
proportions or percentages, ratios or rates, which are generally termed as statistics.
The sampling error of a particular statistic is measured in terms of the standard
error (SE) of that statistic which is the square root of the variance. A better
measure is developed as the ratio of the standard error relative to the magnitude of
the statistic called the relative standard error (RSE).
The standard errors are also used to calculate the Confi dence intervals (CI).
Confi dence interval for a given statistic is an interval of values computed from the
sample observations such that it includes the unknown true population fi gure with
a specifi ed high probability. This high probability could be 90%, 95% or 99%. In
the calculations of CI s for the NHIES 2003/04, 95% probability is used which
means a 95% confi dence interval is presented. This means that the true population
fi gure of a certain statistic will fall within plus or minus two standard errors of
that statistic in 95 percent out of all possible samples.
If the sample design of the survey was a simple random sample (SRS) then the
calculation of the sampling errors would have been straightforward. NHIES
2003/04, however used a stratifi ed two stage sample design which makes
the calculation of sampling errors more complex. Hence these calculations
were carried out using the STATA 7 software, which takes into account the
stratifi cation, clustering and the weighting.
Other than the sampling errors, STATA computes the design effect (DEFF) for
each estimate. This is defi ned as the ratio of the variance of a certain statistic
under the given complex survey design to that of the variance of the same statistic
if a SRS design is used with the same sample size. If DEFF value is 1, the
complex survey design is as effi cient as the SRS. DEFF value more than 1 means
sampling errors have increased due to the complex survey design compared to the
SRS and therefore is less effi cient.
Appendices
142 Central Bureau of Statistics
Sampling errors are calculated for the whole country, urban and rural areas, for
each region and urban and rural areas within a region. The different components
presented are the estimate, Standard Errors, Relative Standard Errors, Number
of observations, unweighted and weighted, Confidence Intervals and DEFF.
In this report, sampling errors are presented only for average household size and
the total consumption variables. Sampling errors for all other variables will be
presented in the Methodological and Technical report of NHIES 2003/2004.
Central Bureau of Statistics 143
A 3.1 Average household size
Domains of
estimation
Estimate Standard
Error
Number of observations Relative error Confi dence limits Design
effect
E SE Unweighted Weighted RE = (SE/E) RE% E - (2*SE) E + (2*SE) Deff
Namibia 4.9 0.0537 9,801 371,678 0.0109 1.1 4.82 5.03 2.86
urban 4.2 0.0699 4,322 150,533 0.0166 1.7 4.08 4.35 2.92
rural 5.4 0.0740 5,479 221,146 0.0137 1.4 5.26 5.55 2.70
Caprivi 4.6 0.1312 731 18,607 0.0283 2.8 4.39 4.90 1.87
urban 4.9 0.2606 280 5,145 0.0529 5.3 4.42 5.44 2.72
rural 4.5 0.1526 451 13,462 0.0336 3.4 4.24 4.84 1.59
Erongo 3.6 0.1767 545 27,713 0.0495 4.9 3.23 3.92 2.79
urban 3.6 0.2015 366 23,211 0.0563 5.6 3.18 3.97 2.45
rural 3.6 0.3225 179 4,502 0.0907 9.1 2.92 4.19 2.92
Hardap 4.2 0.1410 640 16,365 0.0338 3.4 3.89 4.44 1.90
urban 4.6 0.2358 248 6,457 0.0517 5.2 4.09 5.02 2.26
rural 3.9 0.1712 392 9,908 0.0438 4.4 3.58 4.25 1.65
Karas 4.0 0.1786 645 15,570 0.0445 4.5 3.66 4.36 2.82
urban 4.2 0.2646 345 8,372 0.0632 6.3 3.67 4.71 3.60
rural 3.8 0.2290 300 7,198 0.0601 6.0 3.36 4.26 1.99
Kavango 6.4 0.1768 714 32,354 0.0274 2.7 6.10 6.79 1.98
urban 6.0 0.2818 265 6,491 0.0471 4.7 5.43 6.54 2.15
rural 6.6 0.2086 449 25,864 0.0318 3.2 6.15 6.97 1.69
Khomas 4.0 0.1061 1,160 64,918 0.0267 2.7 3.77 4.19 2.25
urban 4.1 0.1123 927 60,021 0.0277 2.8 3.84 4.28 2.01
rural 3.1 0.2637 233 4,896 0.0858 8.6 2.55 3.59 3.24
Kunene 4.6 0.3433 478 13,365 0.0744 7.4 3.94 5.29 5.52
urban 4.9 0.2625 242 4,356 0.0536 5.4 4.38 5.42 1.51
rural 4.5 0.4934 236 9,008 0.1103 11.0 3.50 5.44 5.88
Ohangwena 6.3 0.2321 725 37,854 0.0371 3.7 5.80 6.71 2.93
urban 4.0 0.2788 226 757 0.0704 7.0 3.41 4.51 1.72
rural 6.3 0.2362 499 37,098 0.0375 3.7 5.84 6.76 2.09
Omaheke 4.2 0.1566 495 13,347 0.0373 3.7 3.89 4.51 1.43
urban 4.3 0.2870 251 3,238 0.0673 6.7 3.70 4.83 2.19
rural 4.2 0.1852 244 10,109 0.0443 4.4 3.81 4.54 1.02
Omusati 5.7 0.1795 964 39,248 0.0313 3.1 5.39 6.10 3.19
urban 3.1 0.2506 223 699 0.0814 8.1 2.59 3.57 2.64
rural 5.8 0.1828 741 38,549 0.0316 3.2 5.43 6.15 2.56
Oshana 5.4 0.1236 1,005 31,759 0.0231 2.3 5.12 5.60 1.54
urban 4.3 0.2134 375 13,070 0.0502 5.0 3.83 4.67 2.26
rural 6.1 0.1297 630 18,689 0.0211 2.1 5.88 6.39 1.04
Oshkoto 5.4 0.1545 998 31,871 0.0285 2.9 5.11 5.72 2.22
urban 3.9 0.2949 246 4,151 0.0747 7.5 3.37 4.53 2.95
rural 5.6 0.1725 752 27,719 0.0306 3.1 5.30 5.98 2.05
Otjozondjupa 4.3 0.2193 701 28,707 0.0506 5.1 3.90 4.76 3.33
urban 4.6 0.2746 328 14,565 0.0598 6.0 4.05 5.13 2.42
rural 4.1 0.3447 373 14,142 0.0849 8.5 3.38 4.74 4.46
144 Central Bureau of Statistics
A 3.1 Total consumption variable
Domains of
estimation Estimate
Standard
Error Number of observations Relative error Confi dence limits
Design
effect
Million
N$ Million N$ Unweighted Weighted Million N$
E SE RE = (SE/E) RE% E - (2*SE) E + (2*SE) Deff
Namibia 15,640 732 9,801 371,678 0.0468 4.7 14,200 17,100 8.01
urban 9,764 702 4,322 150,533 0.0719 7.2 8,390 11,100 12.85
rural 5,875 207 5,479 221,146 0.0352 3.5 5,470 6,280 2.00
Caprivi 452 39 731 18,607 0.0871 8.7 375 530 4.72
urban 219 36 280 5,145 0.1629 16.3 149 289 8.84
rural 234 17 451 13,462 0.0723 7.2 200 267 3.42
Erongo 1,460 263 545 27,713 0.1801 18.0 944 1,980 8.45
urban 1,183 231 366 23,211 0.1953 19.5 729 1,640 10.06
rural 277 124 179 4,502 0.4485 44.8 32 521 8.01
Hardap 680 84 640 16,365 0.1233 12.3 516 845 2.50
urban 299 56 248 6,457 0.1888 18.9 188 409 5.94
rural 382 62 392 9,908 0.1627 16.3 260 504 1.71
Karas 673 95 645 15,570 0.1411 14.1 487 860 4.77
urban 385 74 345 8,372 0.1921 19.2 239 530 8.51
rural 289 60 300 7,198 0.2067 20.7 172 406 2.86
Kavango 739 67 714 32,354 0.0901 9.0 608 870 2.91
urban 261 50 265 6,491 0.1921 19.2 162 359 8.12
rural 479 44 449 25,864 0.0920 9.2 392 565 1.79
Khomas 5,782 627 1,160 64,918 0.1084 10.8 4,550 7,010 9.30
urban 5,502 624 927 60,021 0.1134 11.3 4,280 6,730 8.69
rural 280 66 233 4,896 0.2346 23.5 151 409 3.45
Kunene 346 39 478 13,365 0.1135 11.3 269 423 3.32
urban 114 25 242 4,356 0.2212 22.1 65 164 13.99
rural 232 30 236 9,008 0.1294 12.9 173 291 1.68
Ohangwena 821 49 725 37,854 0.0597 6.0 725 917 3.03
urban 33 5 226 757 0.1567 15.7 23 44 7.70
rural 788 49 499 37,098 0.0618 6.2 692 883 2.32
Omaheke 523 61 495 13,347 0.1171 11.7 402 643 1.80
urban 146 44 251 3,238 0.3041 30.4 59 233 7.42
rural 377 42 244 10,109 0.1118 11.2 294 459 0.76
Omusati 994 49 964 39,248 0.0494 4.9 898 1,090 2.24
urban 27 6 223 699 0.2253 22.5 15 39 7.01
rural 967 49 741 38,549 0.0504 5.0 871 1,060 1.85
Oshana 1,396 173 1,005 31,759 0.1239 12.4 1,060 1,740 6.35
urban 858 168 375 13,070 0.1957 19.6 527 1,190 7.12
rural 538 40 630 18,689 0.0734 7.3 460 615 2.14
Oshkoto 818 62 998 31,871 0.0757 7.6 696 940 2.33
urban 190 41 246 4,151 0.2163 21.6 109 271 7.34
rural 628 46 752 27,719 0.0737 7.4 537 719 1.62
Otjozondjupa 955 84 701 28,707 0.0880 8.8 789 1,120 2.40
urban 547 68 328 14,565 0.1248 12.5 413 680 4.17
rural 408 49 373 14,142 0.1203 12.0 312 504 1.37
+
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B
IA
06
=
Z
IM
B
A
B
W
E
07
=
O
TH
E
R
S
A
D
C
08
=
O
TH
E
R
A
FR
IC
A
N
C
O
U
N
TR
IE
S
09
=
A
LL
O
TH
E
R
C
O
U
N
TR
IE
S
10
=
D
O
N
T
K
N
O
W
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
B
1
1
A
sk
o
nl
y
of
w
om
en
a
ge
d
be
tw
ee
n
12
-
49
y
ea
rs
.
Is
&
&
p
re
gn
an
t?
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
B
1
2
Fo
r a
ll
pe
rs
on
s
in
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
W
ei
gh
t o
f &
&
(
in
k
ilo
gr
am
, w
ith
o
ne
d
ec
im
al
)
B
1
3
H
ei
gh
t o
f &
&
(i
n
ce
nt
im
et
re
)
H
ou
se
ho
ld
c
om
po
si
tio
n
co
nt
ro
l
A
sk
o
nl
y
at
th
e
2n
d
5t
h
vi
si
t.
S
ta
rt
fro
m
p
er
so
n
no
1
a
nd
a
sk
fo
r a
ll
re
co
rd
ed
p
er
so
ns
.
B
1
4
D
id
&
&
s
pe
nd
a
t l
ea
st
fo
ur
n
ig
ht
s
in
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
du
ri
ng
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s?
1
=
D
U
R
IN
G
W
E
E
K
1
R
ec
or
d
at
2
nd
v
is
it
2
=
D
U
R
IN
G
W
E
E
K
2
R
ec
or
d
at
3
rd
v
is
it
3
=
D
U
R
IN
G
W
E
E
K
3
R
ec
or
d
at
4
th
v
is
it
4
=
D
U
R
IN
G
W
E
E
K
4
R
ec
or
d
at
5
th
v
is
it
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Y
E
S
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
B
1
5
S
in
ce
m
y
la
st
v
is
it,
h
as
a
ny
o
th
er
p
er
so
n
st
ay
ed
in
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
?
If
Y
E
S
,
cr
os
s
th
e
bo
x
in
th
e
ne
xt
e
m
pt
y
co
lu
m
n
an
d
co
m
pl
et
e
P
ar
t B
-
D
fo
r e
ac
h
ne
w
p
er
so
n,
s
ta
rti
ng
fr
om
B
1
.
D
o
no
t f
or
ge
t t
o
as
k
B
1
4
fo
r n
ew
p
er
so
ns
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
15
0
P
A
R
T
C
A
sk
fo
r
al
l p
er
so
ns
a
ge
d
6
ye
ar
s
an
d
ab
ov
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
C
1
C
an
&
&
w
rit
e
an
d
re
ad
a
m
es
sa
ge
in
a
t l
ea
st
o
ne
la
ng
ua
ge
w
ith
u
nd
er
st
an
di
ng
?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
C
2
H
as
&
&
e
ve
r
be
en
to
s
ch
oo
l?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t D
3
=
D
O
N
T
K
N
O
W
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
C
3
Is
&
&
s
til
l a
t s
ch
oo
l?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
hi
gh
es
t g
ra
de
/s
ta
nd
ar
d/
le
ve
l o
f e
du
ca
tio
n
&
&
h
as
c
om
pl
et
ed
?
G
iv
e
hi
gh
es
t g
ra
de
/s
ta
nd
ar
d/
le
ve
l o
f e
du
ca
tio
n
C
4
G
iv
e
co
de
fr
om
c
od
e
lis
t
P
A
R
T
D
A
sk
fo
r
al
l p
er
so
ns
a
ge
d
8
ye
ar
s
an
d
ab
ov
e
D
1
In
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s,
d
id
&
&
d
o
an
y
w
or
k
fo
r
pa
y,
pr
of
it
or
fa
m
ily
g
ai
n
fo
r
at
le
as
t o
ne
h
ou
r?
1
=
Y
E
S
!
G
o
to
D
3
2
=
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
D
2
E
ve
n
th
ou
gh
&
&
d
id
n
ot
d
o
an
y
ki
nd
o
f w
or
k
in
th
e
la
st
se
ve
n
da
ys
, d
oe
s
he
/s
he
h
av
e
a
jo
b,
b
us
in
es
s,
o
r
ot
he
r
ec
on
om
ic
o
r
fa
rm
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
th
at
h
e/
sh
e
w
ill
d
ef
in
ite
ly
re
tu
rn
to
?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
o
!
G
o
to
D
8
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
+
+
+
+
15
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
D
3
W
ha
t k
in
d
of
w
or
k
di
d
&
&
d
o
in
h
is
/h
er
m
ai
n
jo
b
du
ri
ng
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s
(o
r u
su
al
ly
d
oe
s,
e
ve
n
if
he
/s
he
w
as
a
bs
en
t i
n
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s)
?
D
es
cr
ib
e
th
e
w
or
k
or
g
iv
e
oc
cu
pa
tio
n
or
jo
b
tit
le
.
R
ec
or
d
at
le
as
t t
w
o
w
or
ds
: C
ar
s
al
es
p
er
so
n,
O
ffi
ce
cl
ea
ne
r,
V
eg
et
ab
le
fa
rm
er
, P
rim
ar
y
sc
ho
ol
te
ac
he
r,
et
c.
Fo
r a
gr
ic
ul
tu
ra
l w
or
k
on
o
w
n/
fa
m
ily
fa
rm
/p
lo
t,
st
at
e
w
he
th
er
fo
r o
w
n
us
e
or
fo
r s
al
e
m
os
tly
.
C
od
e
bo
x
fo
r
of
fic
e
us
e
D
4
W
ha
t a
re
th
e
m
ai
n
go
od
s
an
d
se
rv
ic
es
p
ro
du
ce
d
at
&
&
's
p
la
ce
o
f w
or
k?
W
ha
t a
re
it
s
m
ai
n
fu
nc
tio
ns
?
E
xa
m
pl
es
:
R
ep
ai
rin
g
ca
rs
, S
el
lin
g
co
m
m
er
ci
al
re
al
e
st
at
e,
S
el
l f
oo
d
w
ho
le
sa
le
to
re
st
au
ra
nt
s,
R
et
ai
l c
lo
th
in
g
sh
op
, M
an
uf
ac
tu
re
e
le
ct
ric
al
a
pp
lia
nc
es
, B
ar
/ r
es
ta
ur
an
t,
P
rim
ar
y
E
du
ca
tio
n,
D
el
iv
er
in
g
ne
w
sp
ap
er
s
to
h
om
es
.
C
od
e
bo
x
fo
r
of
fic
e
us
e
D
5
In
&
&
s
m
ai
n
jo
b,
d
id
h
e/
sh
e
w
or
k
&
.?
1
=
as
a
p
ai
d
em
pl
oy
ee
fo
r a
p
riv
at
e
em
pl
oy
er
2
=
as
a
p
ai
d
em
pl
oy
ee
fo
r g
ov
er
nm
en
t o
r s
ta
te
e
nt
er
pr
is
e
3
=
as
a
n
em
pl
oy
er
4
=
as
a
s
el
f-e
m
pl
oy
ed
o
r o
w
n
ac
co
un
t w
or
ke
r
5
=
in
s
ub
si
st
en
ce
fa
rm
in
g
ac
tiv
iti
es
6
=
an
u
np
ai
d
fa
m
ily
w
or
ke
r
7 =
D
O
N
T
K
N
O
W
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
D
6
H
ow
m
an
y
ho
ur
s
di
d
&
&
w
or
k
in
a
ll
hi
s/
he
r w
or
k
ac
tiv
iti
es
d
ur
in
g
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s?
G
iv
e
an
sw
er
in
w
ho
le
h
ou
rs
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
15
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
D
7
D
oe
s
&
&
w
an
t t
o
w
or
k
lo
ng
er
h
ou
rs
?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
3
=
D
O
N
'T
K
N
O
W
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t E
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
D
8
W
hy
d
id
&
&
n
ot
w
or
k
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s?
1
=
IN
C
O
M
E
R
E
C
E
P
IE
N
T
2
=
R
E
TI
R
E
D
O
R
T
O
O
O
LD
T
O
W
O
R
K
3
=
S
C
H
O
LA
R
O
R
S
TU
D
E
N
T
4
=
H
O
U
S
E
W
IF
E
/H
O
M
E
M
A
K
E
R
5
=
IL
LN
E
S
S
, D
IS
A
B
LE
D
O
R
U
N
A
B
LE
T
O
W
O
R
K
6
=
C
A
N
N
O
T
FI
N
D
S
U
IT
A
B
LE
W
O
R
K
/N
O
J
O
B
S
A
V
A
IL
A
B
LE
7
=
TO
O
Y
O
U
N
G
T
O
W
O
R
K
8
=
O
TH
E
R
R
E
A
S
O
N
, s
pe
ci
fy
in
c
ol
um
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D
9
If
of
fe
re
d
w
or
k,
w
as
&
&
th
en
a
va
ila
bl
e
an
d
re
ad
y
to
w
or
k
du
ri
ng
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t E
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
D
1
0
W
as
&
&
lo
ok
in
g
fo
r w
or
k
du
ri
ng
th
e
la
st
s
ev
en
d
ay
s?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
+
+
+
+
15
3
P
A
R
T
E
H
ou
si
ng
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
tic
s
an
d
am
en
iti
es
E
1
In
di
ca
te
th
e
ty
pe
o
f m
ai
n
dw
el
lin
g
th
at
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
oc
cu
pi
es
.
01
=
D
E
TA
C
H
E
D
H
O
U
S
E
02
=
S
E
M
I-D
E
TA
C
H
E
D
H
O
U
S
E
/T
O
W
N
H
O
U
S
E
03
=
A
P
A
R
TM
E
N
T
04
=
G
U
E
S
T
FL
A
T
05
=
P
A
R
T
C
O
M
M
E
R
C
IA
L/
IN
D
U
S
TR
IA
L
B
U
IL
D
IN
G
06
=
M
O
B
IL
E
H
O
M
E
(C
A
R
A
V
A
N
/T
E
N
T)
07
=
S
IN
G
LE
Q
U
A
R
TE
R
S
08
=
T
R
A
D
IT
IO
N
A
L
D
W
E
LL
IN
G
09
=
IM
P
R
O
V
IS
E
D
H
O
U
S
IN
G
U
N
IT
10
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
E
2
Is
th
e
dw
el
lin
g
&
.
1
=
O
w
ne
d
w
ith
n
o
ou
ts
ta
nd
in
g
de
bt
s
2
=
O
w
ne
d,
b
ut
n
ot
y
et
fu
lly
p
ai
d
of
f (
e.
g.
w
ith
a
m
or
tg
ag
e)
3
=
O
cc
up
ie
d
fre
e
4
=
R
en
te
d
w
ith
ou
t s
ub
si
dy
5
=
R
en
te
d
w
ith
s
ub
si
dy
6
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
R
oo
f
O
ut
er
w
al
ls
E
3
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
m
ai
n
m
at
er
ia
l u
se
d
fo
r
th
e
ro
of
a
nd
th
e
ou
te
r w
al
ls
o
f t
he
m
ai
n
dw
el
lin
g?
M
ar
k
on
e
co
de
in
e
ac
h
co
lu
m
n.
01
=
C
E
M
E
N
T
B
LO
C
K
S
/B
R
IC
K
S
/S
TO
N
E
S
02
=
B
U
R
N
T
B
R
IC
K
S
/F
A
C
E
B
R
IC
K
S
03
=
C
O
R
R
U
G
A
TE
D
IR
O
N
/Z
IN
C
04
=
W
O
O
D
E
N
P
O
LE
S
, S
TI
C
K
S
A
N
D
G
R
A
S
S
05
=
S
TI
C
K
S
, M
U
D
, C
LA
Y
A
N
D
/O
R
C
O
W
-D
U
N
G
06
=
A
S
B
E
S
TO
S
07
=
B
R
IC
K
T
IL
E
S
08
=
S
LA
TE
09
=
T
H
A
TC
H
, G
R
A
S
S
10
=
N
O
N
E
11
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
1
1
E
4
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
m
ai
n
m
at
er
ia
l u
se
d
fo
r
th
e
flo
or
o
f t
he
m
ai
n
dw
el
lin
g
1
=
S
A
N
D
2
=
C
O
N
C
R
E
TE
3
=
M
U
D
, C
LA
Y
A
N
D
/O
R
C
O
W
D
U
N
G
4
=
W
O
O
D
5
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
1
2
3
4
5
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
15
4
E
5
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
m
ai
n
so
ur
ce
o
f
en
er
gy
/fu
el
fo
r
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
?
C
oo
ki
ng
H
ea
tin
g
Li
gh
tin
g
01
=
E
LE
C
TR
IC
IT
Y
F
R
O
M
M
A
IN
S
02
=
E
LE
C
TR
IC
IT
Y
F
R
O
M
G
E
N
E
R
A
TO
R
03
=
G
A
S
04
=
P
A
R
A
FF
IN
05
=
W
O
O
D
O
R
W
O
O
D
C
H
A
R
C
O
A
L
06
=
C
O
A
L
07
=
C
A
N
D
LE
S
08
=
A
N
IM
A
L
D
U
N
G
09
=
S
O
LA
R
E
N
E
R
G
Y
10
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
11
=
N
O
N
E
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
8
0
9
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
7
0
9
1
0
1
1
E
6
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
s
m
ai
n
so
ur
ce
o
f d
ri
nk
in
g
w
at
er
?
M
ar
k
on
e
co
de
o
nl
y
01
=
P
IP
E
D
(T
A
P
) W
A
TE
R
IN
D
W
E
LL
IN
G
02
=
P
IP
E
D
(T
A
P
) W
A
TE
R
O
N
S
IT
E
O
R
IN
Y
A
R
D
(O
U
TS
ID
E
)
03
=
N
E
IG
H
B
O
U
R
S
T
A
P
04
=
P
U
B
LI
C
T
A
P
05
=
B
O
R
E
H
O
LE
,
P
R
IV
A
TE
06
=
R
A
IN
-W
A
TE
R
T
A
N
K
O
N
S
IT
E
07
=
W
A
TE
R
-C
A
R
R
IE
R
/T
A
N
K
E
R
08
=
B
O
R
E
H
O
LE
, C
O
M
M
U
N
A
L
09
=
F
LO
W
IN
G
W
A
TE
R
/S
TR
E
A
M
/R
IV
E
R
/C
A
N
A
L
10
=
D
A
M
/P
O
O
L/
S
TA
G
N
A
N
T
W
A
TE
R
11
=
W
E
LL
, P
R
O
TE
C
TE
D
12
=
W
E
LL
, U
N
P
R
O
TE
C
TE
D
13
=
S
P
R
IN
G
14
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
: .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
E
7
W
ha
t t
yp
e
of
to
ile
t f
ac
ili
ty
is
av
ai
la
bl
e
fo
r
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
?
M
ar
k
on
ly
o
ne
, t
he
m
ai
n
to
ile
t
I
n
dw
el
lin
g
In
y
ar
d
O
ut
si
de
ya
rd
1
=
FL
U
S
H
T
O
IL
E
T
C
O
N
N
E
C
TE
D
T
O
A
P
U
B
LI
C
S
E
W
A
G
E
S
Y
S
TE
M
2
=
FL
U
S
H
T
O
IL
E
T
C
O
N
N
E
C
TE
D
T
O
A
S
E
P
TI
C
T
A
N
K
3
=
P
IT
L
A
TR
IN
E
W
IT
H
V
E
N
TI
LA
TI
O
N
P
IP
E
(V
IP
)
4
=
P
IT
L
A
TR
IN
E
W
IT
H
O
U
T
V
E
N
TI
LA
TI
O
N
P
IP
E
5
=
B
U
C
K
E
T
TO
IL
E
T
6
=
O
TH
E
R
7
=
B
U
S
H
/N
O
T
O
IL
E
T
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
E
8
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
on
e
w
ay
w
al
ki
ng
d
is
ta
nc
e
in
ki
lo
m
et
re
s
or
h
ow
lo
ng
d
oe
s
it
ta
ke
to
w
al
k
to
&
&
G
iv
e
on
e
an
sw
er
, e
ith
er
a
n
an
sw
er
in
w
ho
le
k
m
s
or
in
m
in
ut
es
K
m
s
M
in
ut
es
01
=
D
rin
ki
ng
w
at
er
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
02
=
H
os
pi
ta
l o
r c
lin
ic
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
03
=
P
ub
lic
tr
an
sp
or
t .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
04
=
L
oc
al
s
ho
p,
m
ar
ke
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
05
=
P
rim
ar
y
sc
ho
ol
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
06
=
H
ig
h
sc
ho
ol
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
07
=
C
om
bi
ne
d
sc
ho
ol
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
C
on
t.
+
+
+
+
15
5
E
8
C
on
tin
ue
d
K
m
s
M
in
ut
es
08
=
P
ol
ic
e
st
at
io
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
09
=
P
os
t o
ffi
ce
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
10
=
M
ag
is
tra
te
s
co
ur
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
11
=
T
ra
di
tio
na
l c
ou
rt
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
E
9
D
oe
s
an
y
m
ob
ile
c
lin
ic
r
eg
ul
ar
ly
c
om
e
to
th
is
a
re
a
or
a
n
ar
ea
ne
ar
by
?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t F
3
=
D
O
N
T
K
N
O
W
1
2
3
E
10
H
ow
fr
eq
ue
nt
ly
is
it
a
va
ila
bl
e?
01
=
7
D
A
Y
S
A
W
E
E
K
02
=
E
V
E
R
Y
S
E
C
O
N
D
D
A
Y
03
=
2
D
A
Y
S
A
W
E
E
K
04
=
1
D
A
Y
A
W
E
E
K
05
=
1
D
A
Y
E
V
E
R
Y
S
E
C
O
N
D
W
E
E
K
06
=
1
D
A
Y
A
M
O
N
TH
07
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
08
=
D
O
N
T
K
N
O
W
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
E
1
1
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
on
e
w
ay
w
al
ki
ng
d
is
ta
nc
e
in
k
ilo
m
et
re
s
or
h
ow
lo
ng
d
oe
s
it
ta
ke
to
w
al
k
to
th
e
m
ob
ile
cl
in
ic
?
K
m
s
M
in
ut
es
G
iv
e
on
e
an
sw
er
, e
ith
er
a
n
an
sw
er
in
w
ho
le
k
m
s
or
in
m
in
ut
es
P
A
R
T
F
O
w
ne
rs
hi
p
of
s
el
ec
te
d
ite
m
s
an
d
so
ur
ce
s
of
h
ou
se
ho
ld
in
co
m
e
F
1
D
oe
s
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
ow
n
or
h
av
e
ac
ce
ss
to
a
ny
o
f t
he
fo
llo
w
in
g?
O
w
ns
D
oe
s
no
t
ow
n,
b
ut
ha
s
ac
ce
ss
N
ei
th
er
ow
ns
n
or
ha
s
ac
ce
ss
01
=
R
ad
io
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
02
=
S
te
re
o/
H
iF
i .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
03
=
T
ap
e
re
co
rd
er
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
04
=
T
el
ev
is
io
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
05
=
S
at
el
lit
e
di
sh
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
06
=
V
id
eo
c
as
se
tte
re
co
rd
er
/D
V
D
..
07
=
T
el
ep
ho
ne
/C
el
l t
el
ep
ho
ne
..
...
..
08
=
R
ef
rig
er
at
or
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
09
=
S
to
ve
, g
as
o
r e
le
ct
ric
.
...
...
...
...
.
10
=
M
ic
ro
w
av
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
11
=
F
re
ez
er
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
12
=
W
as
hi
ng
m
ac
hi
ne
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
13
=
M
ot
or
v
eh
ic
le
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
14
=
M
ot
or
c
yc
le
/S
co
ot
er
.
...
...
...
...
...
15
=
S
ew
in
g/
K
ni
tti
ng
m
ac
hi
ne
.
...
...
.
16
=
D
on
ke
y
ca
rt/
O
x
ca
rt
...
...
...
...
...
.
17
=
P
lo
ug
h
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
=
T
ra
ct
or
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
19
=
W
he
el
ba
rr
ow
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
20
=
G
rin
di
ng
m
ill
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
21
=
B
ic
yc
le
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
22
=
C
om
pu
te
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
23
=
In
te
rn
et
s
er
vi
ce
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
24
=
C
an
oe
/B
oa
t .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
25
=
M
ot
or
bo
at
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
26
=
C
am
er
a
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
15
6
F
2
D
oe
s
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
ow
n
or
h
av
e
ac
ce
ss
to
a
ny
o
f t
he
fo
llo
w
in
g?
O
w
ns
D
oe
s
no
t o
w
n,
bu
t h
as
ac
ce
ss
N
ei
th
er
ow
ns
no
r h
as
ac
ce
ss
N
um
be
r
(if
o
w
ns
or
h
as
ac
ce
ss
)
01
=
C
at
tle
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1
2
3
02
=
S
he
ep
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
03
=
P
ig
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1
2
3
04
=
G
oa
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1
2
3
05
=
D
on
ke
y/
m
ul
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
06
=
H
or
se
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1
2
3
07
=
P
ou
ltr
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
08
=
O
st
ric
h
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
09
=
G
ra
zi
ng
la
nd
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1
2
3
10
=
F
ie
ld
fo
r c
ro
ps
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
F
3
D
oe
s
an
y
m
em
be
r
of
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
o
w
n
a
bu
si
ne
ss
?
1
=
Y
E
S
2
=
N
O
!
G
o
to
F
5
1
2
P
le
as
e,
d
es
cr
ib
e
th
e
ty
pe
o
f b
us
in
es
s
(-
es
)
Fo
r
of
fic
e
us
e
1.
2.
3.
F
4
4.
F
5
W
ha
t i
s
th
e
m
ai
n
so
ur
ce
o
f i
nc
om
e
fo
r
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
?
01
=
S
A
LA
R
IE
S
A
N
D
/O
R
W
A
G
E
S
02
=
S
U
B
S
IS
TE
N
C
E
F
A
R
M
IN
G
03
=
C
O
M
M
E
R
C
IA
L
FA
R
M
IN
G
04
=
B
U
S
IN
E
S
S
A
C
TI
V
IT
IE
S
, N
O
N
-F
A
R
M
IN
G
05
=
P
E
N
S
IO
N
S
06
=
C
A
S
H
R
E
M
IT
TA
N
C
E
S
07
=
R
E
N
TA
L
IN
C
O
M
E
08
=
IN
TE
R
E
S
T
FR
O
M
S
A
V
IN
G
S
/IN
V
E
S
TM
E
N
TS
09
=
M
A
IN
TE
N
A
N
C
E
G
R
A
N
TS
10
=
D
R
O
U
G
H
T
R
E
LI
E
F
A
S
S
IS
TA
N
C
E
11
=
IN
K
IN
D
R
E
C
E
IP
TS
12
=
O
TH
E
R
, s
pe
ci
fy
13
=
N
O
IN
C
O
M
E
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
F
6
W
hi
ch
is
th
e
m
ai
n
la
ng
ua
ge
s
po
ke
n
in
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d?
W
rit
e
th
e
la
ng
ua
ge
b
en
ea
th
a
nd
g
iv
e
co
de
fr
om
c
od
e
lis
t
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
15
7
P
A
R
T
G
C
os
t o
f h
ou
si
ng
- A
m
ou
nt
s
sh
ow
n
ag
ai
ns
t P
ar
t G
.2
, s
ho
ul
d
re
la
te
to
o
ne
m
on
th
o
nl
y,
a
m
ou
nt
s
re
la
tin
g
to
p
er
io
ds
o
th
er
th
an
a
m
on
th
s
ho
ul
d
be
c
on
ve
rte
d
to
s
ho
w
th
e
es
tim
at
ed
m
on
th
ly
v
al
ue
.
- I
f t
he
h
ou
se
ho
ld
d
oe
s
no
t o
w
n
th
e
dw
el
lin
g
or
p
ay
re
nt
, i
t s
ho
ul
d
be
re
ga
rd
ed
a
s
a
re
nt
re
ce
iv
ed
a
s
a
gi
ft
an
d
Q
ue
st
io
n
G
.1
m
us
t b
e
!
o
a
nd
P
ar
t G
.2
to
b
e
co
m
pl
et
ed
.
G
.1
Is
th
is
d
w
el
lin
g
ow
ne
d,
w
he
th
er
fu
lly
p
ai
d
of
f o
r
no
t?
1
=
&
E
S
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ !
()
(*
1
2
=
!
O
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ !
()
(+
2
G
.2
M
on
th
ly
h
ou
si
ng
c
os
t
IF
R
E
N
TE
D
O
R
O
C
C
U
P
IE
D
F
R
E
E
O
F
R
E
N
T
Ite
m
C
os
t f
or
th
e
la
st
m
on
th
2.
1
R
E
N
T
P
A
ID
F
O
R
T
H
IS
D
W
E
LL
IN
G
U
N
IT
2.
1.
1
M
on
th
ly
r
en
t p
ai
d
by
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
fo
r
th
is
d
w
el
lin
g
un
it
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
s
ub
si
dy
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
1.
2
C
as
h
su
bs
id
y
or
v
al
ue
o
f s
ub
si
dy
(v
al
ue
o
f r
ed
uc
ed
re
nt
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
1.
3
E
st
im
at
ed
m
ar
ke
t v
al
ue
o
f r
en
t,
if
th
e
dw
el
lin
g
un
it
is
oc
cu
pi
ed
fr
ee
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
2
R
en
t p
ai
d
fo
r
ga
ra
ge
a
nd
/o
r
do
m
es
tic
w
or
ke
r's
r
oo
m
,
if
re
nt
ed
s
ep
ar
at
el
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
3
Le
vy
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
4
B
oa
rd
in
g
lo
dg
in
g
pa
id
(T
hi
s
ite
m
o
nl
y
co
ve
rs
pe
rm
an
en
t b
oa
rd
in
g
an
d
al
so
in
cl
ud
es
a
m
ou
nt
s
pa
id
to
m
em
be
rs
o
f y
ou
r f
am
ily
if
y
ou
b
oa
rd
w
ith
th
em
, e
xc
lu
di
ng
m
ea
ls
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
!
!
"
$"
!
()
(,
IF
O
W
N
E
D
"
Ite
m
C
os
t f
or
th
e
la
st
m
on
th
2.
5
If
yo
u
w
er
e
to
r
en
t y
ou
r
dw
el
lin
g,
h
ow
m
uc
h
do
y
ou
es
tim
at
e
a
m
on
th
ly
m
ar
ke
t r
en
t i
n
N
$
w
ou
ld
b
e?
.
...
...
...
...
..
P
A
Y
M
E
N
T
O
N
D
W
E
LL
IN
G
-U
N
IT
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
a
dd
iti
on
al
pa
ym
en
ts
fo
r i
m
m
ov
ab
le
im
pr
ov
em
en
ts
)
Y
ou
c
an
e
ith
er
c
om
pl
et
e
ite
m
G
.2
.5
.1
o
r a
tta
ch
a
c
op
y
of
y
ou
r
m
or
tg
ag
e
bo
nd
s
ta
te
m
en
t.
-
.
/0
1 I
f t
he
c
om
po
si
tio
n
of
y
ou
r i
ns
ta
lm
en
t i
s
no
t k
no
w
n,
pl
ea
se
o
bt
ai
n
th
e
in
fo
rm
at
io
n
fro
m
y
ou
r b
ui
ld
in
g
so
ci
et
y
or
fro
m
th
e
pe
rs
on
o
r b
od
y
w
ho
g
ra
nt
ed
th
e
lo
an
(
2.
5.
1
M
on
th
ly
in
st
al
m
en
t f
or
th
e
la
st
m
on
th
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
v
ol
un
ta
ry
ad
di
tio
na
l m
on
th
ly
p
ay
m
en
t a
nd
s
ub
si
dy
/a
llo
w
an
ce
, b
ut
ex
cl
ud
in
g
in
su
ra
nc
e)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
of
w
hi
ch
-
C
ap
ita
l
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
!
D
o
no
t i
nc
lu
de
in
to
ta
l.
of
w
hi
ch
-
In
te
re
st
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
!
D
o
no
t i
nc
lu
de
in
to
ta
l.
2.
5.
2
S
ub
si
dy
M
us
t a
ls
o
be
s
ho
w
n
as
In
co
m
e
in
P
ar
t U
.2
.4
.1
, p
ag
e
39
A
m
ou
nt
r
ec
ei
ve
d
fr
om
e
m
pl
oy
er
, o
r v
al
ue
o
f r
ed
uc
tio
n
in
in
st
al
m
en
t i
f l
oa
n
is
r
ep
ai
d
at
a
r
at
e
lo
w
er
th
an
th
e
cu
rr
en
t i
nt
er
es
t r
at
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
5.
3
Le
vy
p
ai
d
in
th
e
ca
se
o
f d
w
el
lin
g
un
its
u
nd
er
s
ec
tio
na
l
t
itl
e
or
s
ha
re
ho
ld
in
g/
bl
oc
k
sc
he
m
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
In
su
ra
nc
e
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
ag
ai
ns
t P
ar
t R
.4
.4
, p
ag
e
30
+
+
+
+
15
8
S
E
R
V
IC
E
S
F
O
R
A
LL
H
O
U
S
E
H
O
LD
S
Ite
m
C
os
t f
or
th
e
la
st
m
on
th
2.
6
P
A
Y
M
E
N
TS
F
O
R
H
O
U
S
IN
G
S
E
R
V
IC
E
S
(Y
ou
c
an
e
ith
er
co
m
pl
et
e
G
.2
.6
o
r y
ou
c
an
a
tta
ch
a
c
op
y
of
y
ou
r m
un
ic
ip
al
ac
co
un
t)
2.
6.
1
A
ss
es
sm
en
t r
at
es
a
nd
ta
xe
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
6.
2
W
at
er
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
b
as
ic
le
vi
es
, w
at
er
b
ou
gh
t f
ro
m
ta
nk
er
s,
ki
os
ks
a
nd
fr
om
n
ei
gh
bo
ur
s,
w
he
re
a
pp
lic
ab
le
. W
at
er
fo
r
liv
es
to
ck
a
nd
ir
rig
at
io
n
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
un
de
r P
ar
t S
5
,
pa
ge
3
4.
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
6.
3
E
le
ct
ri
ci
ty
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
b
as
ic
le
vi
es
w
he
re
a
pp
lic
ab
le
)
...
...
...
...
.
2.
6.
4
E
le
ct
ri
ci
ty
(p
re
-p
ay
m
en
t c
ar
ds
, G
H
oo
pk
ra
gG
, E
-c
ar
ds
,
sp
ec
ify
, e
xc
lu
di
ng
V
A
T
w
he
re
a
pp
lic
ab
le
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
6.
5
S
an
ita
ry
s
er
vi
ce
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
6.
6
R
ef
us
e
re
m
ov
al
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
6.
7
V
al
ue
A
dd
ed
T
ax
(V
A
T)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
M
O
N
TH
LY
C
O
S
T
O
F
H
O
U
S
IN
G
(I
TE
M
S
2
.1
.1
2
.6
.7
)
G
.3
A
nn
ua
l h
ou
si
ng
c
os
ts
fo
r
al
l d
w
el
lin
gs
o
cc
up
ie
d
by
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
- A
m
ou
nt
s
sh
ow
n
ag
ai
ns
t G
.3
.1
S
G
.3
.5
s
ho
ul
d
re
la
te
to
1
2
m
on
th
s.
- I
f t
he
h
ou
se
ho
ld
in
th
e
la
st
1
2
m
on
th
h
as
m
ov
ed
, o
r h
as
o
cc
up
ie
d
m
or
e
th
an
t
hi
s
dw
el
lin
g,
c
os
ts
o
f t
he
o
th
er
d
w
el
lin
gs
s
ho
ul
d
al
so
b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
h
er
e.
Ite
m
C
os
t f
or
th
e
la
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
1
A
D
D
IT
IO
N
A
L
S
IN
G
LE
A
M
O
U
N
T
P
A
ID
T
O
B
A
N
K
/B
U
IL
D
IN
G
S
O
C
IE
TY
R
E
G
A
R
D
IN
G
M
O
R
TG
A
G
E
B
O
N
D
(Y
ou
c
an
e
ith
er
co
m
pl
et
e
ite
m
1
o
r y
ou
c
an
a
tta
ch
a
c
op
y
of
y
ou
r l
oa
n
st
at
em
en
t)
3.
1.
1
C
ap
ita
l p
ay
m
en
ts
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
d
ep
os
it)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
1.
2
O
th
er
p
ay
m
en
ts
s
uc
h
as
tr
an
sf
er
s
du
e
an
d
tr
an
sf
er
c
os
ts
an
d
re
gi
st
ra
tio
n
of
m
or
tg
ag
e
bo
nd
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2
C
on
tr
ib
ut
io
ns
m
ad
e
to
w
ar
ds
c
om
m
un
al
p
ro
vi
si
on
o
f
ho
us
in
g
se
rv
ic
es
, s
uc
h
as
w
at
er
fa
ci
lit
ie
s
an
d
el
ec
tr
ic
ity
su
pp
ly
(e
.g
. c
om
m
un
al
w
at
er
ta
p)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
3
P
ay
m
en
t f
or
r
ig
ht
to
a
cc
es
s
a
pi
ec
e
of
la
nd
(t
rib
al
/s
ha
ck
s)
.
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
15
9
3.
4
D
id
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
d
o
an
y
re
pa
ir
s
an
d/
or
im
pr
ov
em
en
ts
to
th
is
o
r
an
y
ot
he
r
dw
el
lin
g
un
it
of
w
hi
ch
p
ay
m
en
ts
w
er
e
no
t i
nc
lu
de
d
in
th
e
dw
el
lin
g-
un
its
m
or
tg
ag
e
bo
nd
a
bo
ve
(P
ar
t G
.2
.5
)?
1
=
&
E
S
!
!
"
$"
2
(3
(+
2
=
!
O
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ !
(3
1
2
Ite
m
C
os
t f
or
th
e
la
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
4.
1
R
ep
ai
r
an
d
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
o
f e
xi
st
in
g
bu
ild
in
gs
, s
w
im
m
in
g
p
oo
ls
, e
tc
. (
pl
um
be
rs
, e
le
ct
ric
ia
ns
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
4.
2
A
dd
iti
on
s
an
d
al
te
ra
tio
ns
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
in
st
al
la
tio
n
of
s
ec
ur
ity
sy
st
em
s,
b
ui
lt-
in
fu
rn
itu
re
, s
ol
ar
e
ne
rg
y
sy
st
em
s,
s
w
im
m
in
g
po
ol
s,
s
to
ep
s
an
d
ga
rd
en
la
y-
ou
ts
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
4.
3
S
ec
ur
ity
s
tr
uc
tu
re
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
fe
nc
es
, e
le
ct
ro
ni
c
ga
te
s)
.
...
...
..
3.
4.
4
S
ec
ur
ity
s
ys
te
m
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
al
ar
m
s,
p
an
ic
b
ut
to
ns
)
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
5
S
ec
ur
ity
s
er
vi
ce
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
re
ac
tio
n
se
rv
ic
es
a
nd
ne
ig
hb
ou
rh
oo
d
w
at
ch
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
6
B
ui
ld
in
g
m
at
er
ia
ls
n
ot
in
cl
ud
ed
in
3
.4
.1
o
r
3.
4.
2
(e
.g
. f
or
bu
ild
in
g
ho
us
es
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
A
N
N
U
A
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
H
O
U
S
IN
G
(I
TE
M
S
3
.1
3
.6
)
G
.4
A
nn
ua
l h
ol
id
ay
e
xp
en
di
tu
re
G
.4
.1
D
id
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
g
o
on
h
ol
id
ay
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s?
1
=
&
E
S
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ !
(3
()
(+
(+
1
2
=
!
o
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ !
(3
()
(+
(2
2
G
.4
.2
A
nn
ua
l h
ol
id
ay
a
cc
om
m
od
at
io
n
co
st
Ite
m
C
os
t f
or
th
e
la
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
4.
2.
1
H
O
LI
D
A
Y
A
C
C
O
M
M
O
D
A
TI
O
N
4.
2.
1.
1
H
ot
el
, m
ot
el
a
nd
/o
r
bo
ar
di
ng
fe
es
(p
riv
at
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
)
...
...
..
4.
2.
1.
2
R
en
t:
H
ol
id
ay
fl
at
o
r
ho
us
e,
c
ar
av
an
, e
tc
. (
in
cl
ud
in
g
si
te
fe
es
) (
pr
iv
at
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
2.
1.
3
D
oe
s
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
ow
n
an
y
tim
es
ha
re
o
r
ho
lid
ay
ac
co
m
m
od
at
io
n?
1
=
&
E
S
2
=
!
O
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ 4
1
2
4.
2.
1.
4
A
N
N
U
A
L
P
A
Y
M
E
N
T
O
N
T
IM
E
S
H
A
R
E
- P
ay
m
en
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
- L
ev
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
2.
2
N
et
e
xp
en
se
s
in
cu
rr
ed
a
s
ow
ne
r
of
a
h
ol
id
ay
h
om
e,
i.
e.
af
te
r d
ed
uc
tio
n
of
in
co
m
e
re
ce
iv
ed
fr
om
le
tti
ng
. (
If
ne
t
in
co
m
e
is
in
vo
lv
ed
, s
ee
P
ar
t U
.1
.3
, p
ag
e
37
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
A
N
N
U
A
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
H
O
LI
D
A
Y
A
C
C
O
M
M
O
D
A
TI
O
N
(IT
E
M
S
4
.2
.1
.1
4
.2
.2
)
+
+
+
+
16
0
P
A
R
T
H
D
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
in
th
e
pa
st
m
on
th
H
.1
D
id
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
m
on
th
m
ak
e
us
e
of
d
om
es
tic
or
h
ou
se
ho
ld
w
or
ke
rs
s
er
vi
ce
s
(e
.g
. g
ar
de
ne
rs
, c
hi
ld
m
in
de
rs
,
w
at
ch
m
en
a
nd
o
th
er
d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
)?
1
=
&
E
S
!
!
"
$"
4
)
1
2
=
!
O
!
!
"
$"
%
&'
$ 5
2
H
.2
C
os
t o
f d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
s
er
vi
ce
s
P
ar
tic
ul
ar
s
of
d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
To
ta
l r
em
un
er
at
io
n
pa
id
b
y
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
to
d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
in
th
e
pa
st
m
on
th
E
st
im
at
ed
v
al
ue
o
f
Ty
pe
o
f d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
r
N
um
be
r
of
do
m
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
To
ta
l n
um
be
r
of
ho
ur
s
us
ua
lly
w
or
ke
d
pe
r
m
on
th
a.
C
as
h
w
ag
e
in
cl
ud
in
g
tr
an
sp
or
t
al
lo
w
an
ce
b.
C
on
tr
ib
ut
io
ns
to
p
er
so
nn
el
fu
nd
s
(p
en
si
on
,
m
ed
ic
al
a
id
, s
oc
ia
l
se
cu
rit
y,
e
tc
.)
c.
F
re
e
fo
od
d.
F
re
e
ac
co
m
m
od
at
io
n
e.
F
re
e
cl
ot
hi
ng
,
he
al
th
c
ar
e,
e
tc
G
en
er
al
d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
r.
...
...
...
C
hi
ld
m
in
de
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
C
oo
k
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
C
ha
uf
fe
ur
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
C
lo
th
es
w
as
he
r
or
ir
on
er
.
...
...
..
G
ar
de
n
w
or
ke
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
W
at
ch
m
an
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
O
th
er
(f
et
ch
in
g
w
oo
d,
c
ar
ry
in
g
w
at
er
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
R
E
M
U
N
E
R
A
TI
O
N
T
O
D
O
M
E
S
TI
C
W
O
R
K
E
R
S
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
D
O
M
E
S
TI
C
W
O
R
K
E
R
S
S
E
R
V
IC
E
S
(T
he
s
um
o
f t
ot
al
s
fo
r
co
lu
m
n
a
e)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
16
1
P
A
R
T
I
C
lo
th
in
g
an
d
fo
ot
w
ea
r
pu
rc
ha
se
s
in
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
-
.
/0
6
1
"
In
cl
ud
e
cl
ot
hi
ng
a
nd
fo
ot
w
ea
r r
ec
ei
ve
d
as
g
ift
s
"
U
ni
fo
rm
s
an
d
cl
ot
hi
ng
p
ur
ch
as
ed
fo
r d
om
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
h
er
e
"
S
po
rts
w
ea
r m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
b
el
ow
, b
ut
s
po
rts
e
Uu
ip
m
en
t a
nd
s
pe
ci
al
s
po
rts
fo
ot
w
ea
r,
su
ch
a
s
ru
gb
y
bo
ot
s,
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t Q
.1
.5
.3
, p
ag
e
27
"
La
y-
by
es
a
nd
c
re
di
t p
ur
ch
as
es
, m
on
th
ly
p
ay
m
en
ts
, m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
I.1
C
os
t o
f c
lo
th
in
g
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
p
ai
d
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1
M
en
s
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2
W
om
en
s
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
3
B
oy
s
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
4
G
ir
ls
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
5
In
fa
nt
s
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
C
LO
TH
IN
G
(I
TE
M
1
.1
1
.5
)
I.2
C
os
t o
f f
oo
tw
ea
r
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
p
ai
d
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
2.
1
M
en
s
fo
ot
w
ea
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
2
W
om
en
s
fo
ot
w
ea
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
3
B
oy
s
fo
ot
w
ea
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
4
G
ir
ls
f
oo
tw
ea
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
5
In
fa
nt
s
fo
ot
w
ea
r
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
FO
O
TW
E
A
R
(I
TE
M
2
.1
2
.5
)
I.3
C
os
t o
f h
om
e-
m
ad
e
an
d
sp
ec
ia
lly
m
ad
e-
up
c
lo
th
es
(n
ot
fo
r
re
-s
al
e)
a
nd
c
lo
th
in
g
re
pa
ir
s
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
p
ai
d
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
1
M
at
er
ia
l f
or
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
2
K
ni
tt
in
g
w
oo
l a
nd
y
ar
ns
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
3
P
at
te
rn
s,
la
ce
, s
ew
in
g
co
tt
on
, e
tc
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
4
A
m
ou
nt
p
ai
d
fo
r
m
ak
in
g
or
r
ep
ai
r
of
c
lo
th
in
g
an
d
fo
ot
w
ea
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
5
C
os
t o
f h
ir
e
of
c
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
6
S
ci
ss
or
s,
n
ee
dl
es
, p
in
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
H
O
M
E
-M
A
D
E
+
S
P
E
C
IA
LL
Y
M
A
D
E
-U
P
C
LO
TH
E
S
+
C
LO
TH
IN
G
R
E
P
A
IR
S
(I
TE
M
3
.1
3
.6
)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
16
2
P
A
R
T
J
Fu
rn
itu
re
a
nd
e
qu
ip
m
en
t p
ur
ch
as
es
a
nd
pa
ym
en
t i
n
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
O
TE
S
:
!
E
xp
en
di
tu
re
o
n
m
us
ic
al
in
st
ru
m
en
ts
, s
ou
nd
a
nd
v
is
io
n
eq
ui
pm
en
t a
nd
ge
ne
ra
l t
oo
ls
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t Q
.1
, p
ag
e
26
J.
1
C
os
t o
f f
ur
ni
tu
re
, f
ix
tu
re
s
an
d
flo
or
c
ov
er
in
gs
N
O
TE
S
:
!
Th
e
pa
ym
en
t o
n
hi
re
p
ur
ch
as
es
s
ho
ul
d
be
in
cl
ud
ed
.
!
C
re
di
t p
ur
ch
as
es
, m
on
th
ly
p
ay
m
en
ts
m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
.
!
G
iv
e
ac
tu
al
a
m
ou
nt
p
ai
d
du
rin
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s,
ir
re
sp
ec
tiv
e
of
d
at
e
of
pu
rc
ha
se
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1
FU
R
N
IT
U
R
E
1.
1.
1
B
ed
b
as
es
a
nd
m
at
tr
es
se
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
2
O
th
er
b
ed
ro
om
fu
rn
itu
re
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
3
D
in
in
g-
ro
om
fu
rn
itu
re
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
4
Lo
un
ge
fu
rn
itu
re
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
5
K
itc
he
n
fu
rn
itu
re
a
nd
u
ni
ts
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
e
le
ct
ric
al
ap
pl
ia
nc
es
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1.
6
G
ar
de
n
an
d
pa
tio
fu
rn
itu
re
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
7
O
th
er
lo
os
e
ite
m
s
of
fu
rn
itu
re
, s
pe
ci
fy
(e
.g
.
m
irr
or
s)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2
FL
O
O
R
C
O
V
E
R
IN
G
S
(w
al
l-t
o-
w
al
l c
ar
pe
ts
a
nd
ti
le
s
- s
ee
P
ar
t G
.3
.4
.2
, p
ag
e
14
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
1
Lo
os
e
ca
rp
et
s
an
d
ru
gs
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
2
O
th
er
lo
os
e
flo
or
c
ov
er
in
gs
, s
pe
ci
fy
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
3
O
th
er
(e
.g
. o
rn
am
en
ts
, p
ai
nt
in
gs
a
nd
o
th
er
w
or
ks
o
f
ar
t),
s
pe
ci
fy
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
4
U
ph
ol
st
er
in
g
an
d
ot
he
r
re
pa
ir
c
os
ts
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
FU
R
N
IT
U
R
E
, F
IX
TU
R
E
S
A
N
D
F
LO
O
R
C
O
V
E
R
IN
G
S
(I
TE
M
1
.1
.1
1
.4
)
+
+
+
+
1
63
J.
2
C
os
t o
f h
ou
se
ho
ld
te
xt
ile
s
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
s
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
2.
1
B
la
nk
et
s
an
d
tr
av
el
lin
g
ru
gs
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
2
S
he
et
s
an
d
pi
llo
w
c
as
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
3
D
uv
et
s
an
d
du
ve
t c
ov
er
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
4
Ta
bl
e-
cl
ot
hs
a
nd
s
er
vi
et
te
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
5
C
ur
ta
in
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
m
ak
in
g
an
d
ha
ng
in
g
ch
ar
ge
s)
,
m
at
er
ia
l f
or
c
ur
ta
in
s,
a
nd
b
lin
ds
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
6
P
ill
ow
s
an
d
cu
sh
io
ns
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
7
S
le
ep
in
g
ba
gs
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
8
R
ep
ai
r
of
h
ou
se
ho
ld
te
xt
ile
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
8
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
H
O
U
S
E
H
O
LD
T
E
X
TI
LE
S
(IT
E
M
2
.1
2
.8
)
J.
3
C
os
t o
f a
pp
lia
nc
es
N
O
TE
S
:
!
E
xp
en
di
tu
re
o
n
m
us
ic
al
in
st
ru
m
en
ts
, s
ou
nd
a
nd
v
id
eo
e
qu
ip
m
en
t a
nd
g
en
er
al
to
ol
s
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t Q
.1
, p
ag
e
26
-2
7.
!
P
ay
m
en
ts
o
n
hi
re
p
ur
ch
as
es
s
ho
ul
d
be
in
cl
ud
ed
.
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
s
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
1
E
LE
C
TR
IC
A
L
A
P
P
LI
A
N
C
E
S
3.
1.
1
R
ef
ri
ge
ra
to
rs
, d
ee
p
fr
ee
ze
rs
a
nd
r
ef
ri
ge
ra
to
r/
-
de
ep
fr
ee
ze
c
om
bi
na
tio
ns
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
1.
2
S
to
ve
s
an
d
ov
en
s,
in
cl
ud
in
g
m
ic
ro
w
av
e
ov
en
s
...
.
3.
1.
3
H
ot
pl
at
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
1.
4
W
as
hi
ng
m
ac
hi
ne
s,
d
is
hw
as
he
rs
a
nd
tu
m
bl
e
dr
ye
rs
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
1.
5
V
ac
uu
m
c
le
an
er
s,
p
ol
is
he
rs
a
nd
c
ar
pe
t c
le
an
er
s
3.
1.
6
Ir
on
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
1.
7
K
et
tle
s
an
d
pe
rc
ol
at
or
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
1.
8
S
ew
in
g
m
ac
hi
ne
s,
o
ve
r
lo
ck
er
s
an
d
kn
itt
in
g
m
ac
hi
ne
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
1.
9
Fo
od
m
ix
er
s,
p
ro
ce
ss
or
s
an
d
si
m
ila
r
ac
ce
ss
or
ie
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
1.
10
F
ry
in
g
pa
ns
a
nd
w
ok
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
1.
11
T
oa
st
er
s,
w
af
fle
p
an
s
an
d
sa
nd
w
ic
h
to
as
te
rs
.
...
..
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
16
4
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
s
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
1.
12
E
le
ct
ri
ca
lly
o
pe
ra
te
d
la
w
n-
m
ow
er
s
an
d
ed
ge
-
tr
im
m
er
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
1.
13
O
th
er
e
le
ct
ri
ca
l a
pp
lia
nc
es
(e
.g
. h
ea
te
rs
, e
le
ct
ric
bl
an
ke
ts
, l
am
ps
, a
ir-
co
nd
iti
on
er
s
an
d
fa
ns
),
sp
ec
ify
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2
N
O
N
-E
LE
C
TR
IC
A
L
A
P
P
LI
A
N
C
E
S
3.
2.
1
G
as
s
to
ve
s
an
d
he
at
er
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2.
2
C
oa
l,
w
oo
d
an
d
an
th
ra
ci
te
s
to
ve
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
2.
3
P
ar
af
fin
s
to
ve
s
an
d
he
at
er
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
2.
4
S
ew
in
g
an
d
kn
itt
in
g
m
ac
hi
ne
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2.
5
La
w
nm
ow
er
s
an
d
ed
ge
-t
ri
m
m
er
s
- p
et
ro
l
dr
iv
en
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
2.
6
G
as
r
ef
ri
ge
ra
to
rs
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2.
7
O
th
er
(e
.g
. g
as
la
m
ps
, s
af
es
),
sp
ec
ify
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
3
R
ep
ai
rs
o
f e
le
ct
ri
ca
l a
nd
n
on
-e
le
ct
ri
ca
l
ap
pl
ia
nc
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
A
P
P
LI
A
N
C
E
S
(
IT
E
M
3
.1
3.
3
)
J.
4
C
os
t o
f o
th
er
h
ou
se
ho
ld
e
qu
ip
m
en
t
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
s
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
4.
1
K
itc
he
n
co
ok
in
g
w
ar
e
(n
on
-e
le
ct
ric
al
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
2
Ta
bl
ew
ar
e
(c
ut
le
ry
, c
ro
ck
er
y,
g
la
ss
w
ar
e,
in
cl
ud
in
g
pl
as
tic
s)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
3
Li
gh
t b
ul
bs
a
nd
tu
be
s,
p
ow
er
p
lu
gs
, f
us
es
,
el
ec
tr
ic
w
ir
es
, e
tc
. .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
4
Ir
on
in
g
bo
ar
ds
, l
au
nd
ry
b
as
ke
ts
, e
tc
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
5
G
ar
de
ni
ng
e
qu
ip
m
en
t,
su
ch
a
s
w
at
er
in
g
ca
ns
,
ho
se
pi
pe
s,
s
pa
de
s,
e
tc
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
6
O
th
er
(l
ad
de
rs
, b
at
hr
oo
m
s
ca
le
s,
e
tc
.)
sp
ec
ify
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
O
TH
E
R
H
O
U
S
E
H
O
LD
E
Q
U
IP
M
E
N
T
(IT
E
M
4
.1
4
.6
)
+
+
+
+
1
65
P
A
R
T
K
H
ea
lth
s
er
vi
ce
s
an
d
m
ed
ic
al
r
eq
ui
si
te
s
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
K
.1
C
os
t o
f m
em
be
rs
o
f m
ed
ic
al
a
id
/ i
ns
ur
an
ce
s
ch
em
es
, m
ed
ic
al
pr
ov
id
en
t s
ch
em
es
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
M
em
be
rs
o
f m
ed
i-
ca
l a
id
/ i
ns
ur
an
ce
sc
he
m
es
, m
ed
ic
al
pr
ov
id
en
t s
ch
em
es
1.
1
S
U
B
S
C
R
IP
TI
O
N
S
A
N
D
P
R
E
M
IU
M
S
IN
C
O
N
N
E
C
TI
O
N
W
IT
H
M
E
D
IC
A
L
A
ID
S
C
H
E
M
E
S
A
N
D
M
E
D
IC
A
L
P
R
O
V
ID
E
N
T
S
C
H
E
M
E
S
1.
1.
1
P
ai
d
by
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
2
C
on
tr
ib
ut
io
n
by
e
m
pl
oy
er
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2
A
C
TU
A
L
C
O
S
T
P
A
ID
B
Y
T
H
E
H
O
U
S
E
H
O
LD
(n
ot
pa
id
fo
r b
y
sc
he
m
e)
F
O
R
:
1.
2.
1
M
ed
ic
al
s
er
vi
ce
s,
in
cl
ud
in
g
he
al
er
s
(tr
ad
iti
on
al
,
sp
iri
tu
al
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
2
M
ed
ic
in
e
w
ith
a
p
re
sc
ri
pt
io
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
3
H
ea
lth
s
er
vi
ce
s
an
d
m
ed
ic
in
e
no
t c
ov
er
ed
b
y
m
ed
ic
al
s
ch
em
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
4
Th
er
ap
eu
tic
a
pp
lia
nc
es
a
nd
e
qu
ip
m
en
t,
lik
e
sp
ec
ta
cl
es
, c
on
ta
ct
le
ns
es
, d
en
tu
re
s,
c
ru
tc
he
s,
e
tc
.
an
d
ot
he
r
m
ed
ic
al
p
ro
du
ct
s,
li
ke
c
lin
ic
al
th
er
m
om
et
er
s,
b
an
da
ge
s,
c
on
do
m
s
an
d
ot
he
r
m
ec
ha
ni
ca
l c
on
tra
ce
pt
iv
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
3
M
ed
ic
in
es
p
ur
ch
as
ed
w
ith
ou
t a
p
re
sc
ri
pt
io
n
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
M
E
D
IC
A
L
C
A
R
E
F
O
R
M
E
D
IC
A
L
A
ID
M
E
M
B
E
R
S
(I
TE
M
1
.1
.1
1
.3
)
K
.2
C
os
t o
f n
on
-m
em
be
rs
o
f m
ed
ic
al
a
id
/ i
ns
ur
an
ce
s
ch
em
es
,
m
ed
ic
al
p
ro
vi
de
nt
s
ch
em
es
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
on
-m
em
be
rs
2.
1
S
E
R
V
IC
E
S
2.
1.
1
Fl
at
r
at
e
in
r
es
pe
ct
o
f s
er
vi
ce
s
an
d
m
ed
ic
in
e
ob
ta
in
ed
a
t h
os
pi
ta
l/c
lin
ic
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
1.
2
D
O
C
TO
R
S
, D
E
N
TI
S
TS
, P
S
Y
C
H
IA
TR
IS
TS
,
S
P
E
C
IA
LI
S
TS
, O
P
TI
C
IA
N
S
, N
U
R
S
E
S
,
H
O
M
E
O
P
A
TH
S
, P
A
E
D
IA
TR
IC
IA
N
S
, E
TC
.
!
P
ri
va
te
s
ec
to
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
!
P
ub
lic
s
ec
to
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
1.
3
H
ea
le
rs
(t
ra
di
tio
na
l,
sp
iri
tu
al
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
1.
4
H
O
S
P
IT
A
LS
, N
U
R
S
IN
G
-H
O
M
E
S
, C
LI
N
IC
S
, E
TC
.,
IN
C
LU
D
IN
G
A
M
B
U
LA
N
C
E
S
E
R
V
IC
E
S
!
P
ri
va
te
s
ec
to
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
!
P
ub
lic
s
ec
to
r
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
1.
5
Th
er
ap
is
ts
(p
hy
si
ot
he
ra
pi
st
, e
tc
.)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
16
6
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
on
-m
em
be
rs
2.
2
M
E
D
IC
IN
E
S
, O
IN
TM
E
N
TS
, D
IS
IN
FE
C
TA
N
TS
,
B
A
N
D
A
G
E
S
, E
TC
.
2.
2.
1
P
ur
ch
as
ed
o
n
pr
es
cr
ip
tio
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
2.
2
P
U
R
C
H
A
S
E
D
W
IT
H
O
U
T
P
R
E
S
C
R
IP
TI
O
N
(p
at
en
t m
ed
ic
in
e,
c
ou
gh
m
ix
tu
re
s,
la
xa
tiv
es
, f
ru
it
sa
lts
, p
ai
n
ki
lle
rs
, e
tc
.)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
3
Th
er
ap
eu
tic
a
pp
lia
nc
es
a
nd
e
qu
ip
m
en
t,
lik
e
sp
ec
ta
cl
es
, c
on
ta
ct
le
ns
es
, d
en
tu
re
s,
c
ru
tc
he
s,
e
tc
.
an
d
ot
he
r
m
ed
ic
al
p
ro
du
ct
s,
li
ke
c
lin
ic
al
th
er
m
om
et
er
s,
b
an
da
ge
s,
c
on
do
m
s
an
d
ot
he
r
m
ec
ha
ni
ca
l c
on
tra
ce
pt
iv
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
M
E
D
IC
A
L
C
A
R
E
F
O
R
N
O
N
M
E
D
IC
A
L
A
ID
M
E
M
B
E
R
S
(I
TE
M
2
.1
2
.3
)
P
A
R
T
L
Tr
an
sp
or
t d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
L.
1
P
ri
va
te
tr
an
sp
or
t
fo
r
ho
us
eh
ol
d
s
ow
n
us
e
L.
1.
1
C
os
t o
f p
ri
va
te
v
eh
ic
le
s,
p
ur
ch
as
ed
(V
eh
ic
le
s
fo
r b
us
in
es
s
pu
rp
os
es
m
us
t n
ot
b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
)
N
O
TE
S
:
!
Th
is
s
ec
tio
n
de
al
s
on
ly
w
ith
v
eh
ic
le
s
ow
ne
d
by
o
r r
eg
is
te
re
d
in
th
e
na
m
e
of
a
ny
m
em
be
r o
f t
he
h
ou
se
ho
ld
.
!
Th
e
va
lu
e
of
v
eh
ic
le
s
tra
de
d
in
o
r s
ol
d
du
rin
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
sh
ou
ld
b
e
sh
ow
n
as
in
co
m
e
in
P
ar
t U
.2
.2
, p
ag
e
39
.
!
P
ay
m
en
ts
o
n
hi
re
p
ur
ch
as
es
s
ho
ul
d
be
in
cl
ud
ed
.
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
pa
id
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
pa
id
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
ew
U
se
d
1.
1.
1
M
ot
or
c
ar
s,
s
ta
tio
n
w
ag
on
s
an
d
m
in
i-b
us
es
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
2
B
ak
ki
es
a
nd
fo
ur
-w
he
el
d
ri
ve
ve
hi
cl
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
3
M
ot
or
c
yc
le
s
an
d
sc
oo
te
rs
.
...
...
..
1.
1.
4
B
ic
yc
le
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
5
C
ar
av
an
s
an
d
tr
ai
le
rs
in
cl
ud
in
g
m
ot
or
is
ed
c
ar
av
an
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
6
O
th
er
v
eh
ic
le
s,
e
.g
. d
on
ke
y
ca
rts
,
S
pe
ci
fy
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
P
R
IV
A
TE
TR
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
(IT
E
M
1
.1
.1
1
.1
.6
)
+
+
+
+
1
67
L.
1.
2
R
un
ni
ng
c
os
ts
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
O
TE
S
:
!
A
m
ou
nt
s
pe
nt
o
n
m
ot
or
ca
r f
ue
l d
ur
in
g
ho
lid
ay
jo
ur
ne
ys
m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
in
ite
m
2
.
!
E
xp
en
di
tu
re
in
c
on
ne
ct
io
n
w
ith
th
e
pu
rc
ha
se
a
nd
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
o
f a
irc
ra
ft,
bo
at
s,
e
tc
. m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t Q
.1
.4
p
ag
e
27
.
!
E
xp
en
se
s
in
cu
rr
ed
(e
xc
ep
t r
en
t)
in
c
on
ne
ct
io
n
w
ith
v
eh
ic
le
s
no
t b
el
on
gi
ng
to
y
ou
(e
.g
.
re
nt
ed
c
ar
s,
c
om
pa
ny
c
ar
s,
b
or
ro
w
ed
c
ar
s)
s
ho
ul
d
be
in
cl
ud
ed
h
er
e,
un
le
ss
th
es
e
ex
pe
ns
es
w
er
e
re
co
ve
re
d
fro
m
th
e
em
pl
oy
er
.
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
1.
2.
1
E
st
im
at
ed
v
al
ue
o
f p
ri
va
te
u
se
o
f c
om
pa
ny
o
r
si
m
ila
r
ve
hi
cl
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
2
M
ot
or
c
ar
fu
el
(N
$
pe
r m
on
th
x
1
2
=
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
3
P
ar
ki
ng
fe
es
(N
$
pe
r m
on
th
x
1
2
=
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
4
Tr
af
fic
fi
ne
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
5
O
il
an
d
gr
ea
se
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
6
TY
R
E
S
A
N
D
T
U
B
E
S
1.
2.
6.
1
N
ew
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
6.
2
R
et
re
ad
ed
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
7
B
at
te
ri
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
8
S
pa
re
p
ar
ts
a
nd
a
cc
es
so
ri
es
p
ur
ch
as
ed
fo
r
pr
iv
at
e
re
pa
ir
a
nd
in
st
al
la
tio
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
1.
2.
9
Lu
br
ic
at
io
n
an
d
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
s
er
vi
ce
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
10
In
st
al
la
tio
n
of
a
ir
c
on
di
tio
ni
ng
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
11
In
st
al
la
tio
n
of
s
ec
ur
ity
s
ys
te
m
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
12
P
A
N
E
L-
B
E
A
TI
N
G
R
E
P
A
IR
S
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
re
pa
irs
to
ve
hi
cl
es
b
el
on
gi
ng
to
o
th
er
s)
1.
2.
12
.1
P
ai
d
fo
r
by
y
ou
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
12
.2
P
ai
d
fo
r
by
y
ou
r
in
su
ra
nc
e
co
m
pa
ny
o
r
ot
he
r
pa
rt
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
13
O
TH
E
R
R
E
P
A
IR
W
O
R
K
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
re
pa
irs
to
ve
hi
cl
es
b
el
on
gi
ng
to
o
th
er
s)
1.
2.
13
.1
P
ai
d
fo
r
by
y
ou
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
13
.2
P
ai
d
fo
r
by
y
ou
r
in
su
ra
nc
e
co
m
pa
ny
o
r
ot
he
r
pa
rt
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
14
Li
ce
nc
e
an
d
re
gi
st
ra
tio
n
fe
es
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
th
at
o
f
m
ot
or
c
yc
le
s)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
15
D
ri
vi
ng
le
ss
on
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
16
C
ar
w
as
h
an
d
va
le
t s
er
vi
ce
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
17
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
R
U
N
N
IN
G
C
O
S
T
(IT
E
M
1
.2
.1
1
.2
.1
7)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
16
8
L.
2
C
os
t o
f p
ub
lic
a
nd
h
ir
ed
tr
an
sp
or
t,
fo
r e
xa
m
pl
e
to
w
or
k
an
d
to
sc
ho
ol
a
nd
fo
r o
th
er
p
riv
at
e
pu
rp
os
es
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
h
ol
id
ay
jo
ur
ne
ys
)
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
2.
1
B
us
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
s
ch
oo
l b
us
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
2
Tr
ai
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
3
R
en
te
d
ve
hi
cl
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
4
Ta
xi
(w
he
th
er
m
et
er
ed
o
r n
ot
, i
nc
lu
di
ng
m
in
ib
us
ta
xi
)
...
..
2.
5
V
al
ue
o
f r
ed
uc
ed
tr
an
sp
or
t t
ar
iff
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
6
Fu
rn
itu
re
r
em
ov
al
a
nd
tr
an
sp
or
t o
f g
oo
ds
.
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
7
O
th
er
(e
.g
. l
ift
c
lu
bs
, n
ei
gh
bo
ur
ho
od
a
rr
an
ge
m
en
ts
,
oc
ca
si
on
al
a
ir-
tra
ns
po
rt,
e
xc
lu
di
ng
th
os
e
fo
r b
us
in
es
s
pu
rp
os
es
),
sp
ec
ify
:
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
P
U
B
LI
C
A
N
D
H
IR
E
D
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
(IT
E
M
2
.1
2
.7
)
L.
3
D
id
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
m
ak
e
us
e
of
a
ny
p
ub
lic
a
nd
h
ir
ed
tr
an
sp
or
t f
or
ho
lid
ay
p
ur
po
se
s
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s?
1
=
Y
E
S
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t L
.4
1
2
=
N
o
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t M
2
L.
4
C
os
t o
f p
ub
lic
a
nd
h
ir
ed
tr
an
sp
or
t f
or
tr
av
el
lin
g
ex
pe
ns
es
w
hi
le
on
h
ol
id
ay
s
aw
ay
fr
om
h
om
e
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
4.
1
B
us
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
2
Tr
ai
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
3
B
oa
t .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
4
A
ir
cr
af
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
5
Ta
xi
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
6
R
en
te
d
ve
hi
cl
es
(s
ho
w
fu
el
in
P
ar
t L
.1
.2
.2
, p
ag
e
22
)
...
..
4.
7
S
up
po
rt
in
g
se
rv
ic
es
(e
.g
. p
ar
ki
ng
s
er
vi
ce
s,
p
or
t
op
er
at
or
s)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
8
O
th
er
(e
.g
. c
ab
le
c
ar
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
P
U
B
LI
C
A
N
D
H
IR
E
D
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
FO
R
H
O
LI
D
A
Y
P
U
R
P
O
S
E
S
(I
TE
M
4
.1
4
.8
)
+
+
+
+
1
69
P
A
R
T
M
C
om
pu
te
r
an
d
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
io
n
eq
ui
pm
en
t
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
M
.1
C
os
t o
f c
om
pu
te
r
an
d
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
io
n
eq
ui
pm
en
t
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
1.
1
P
er
so
na
l c
om
pu
te
rs
a
nd
la
pt
op
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2
S
of
tw
ar
e
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
3
C
al
cu
la
to
rs
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
4
D
is
ke
tt
es
a
nd
c
on
su
m
ab
le
g
oo
ds
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
5
P
ri
nt
er
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
6
M
od
em
s,
p
la
y-
st
at
io
ns
, C
D
-w
ri
te
rs
a
nd
o
th
er
ha
rd
w
ar
e
co
m
po
ne
nt
s
ac
co
m
pa
ny
in
g
co
m
pu
te
rs
.
...
.
1.
7
C
O
M
M
U
N
IC
A
TI
O
N
E
Q
U
IP
M
E
N
T
1.
7.
1
C
el
lu
la
r
te
le
ph
on
es
a
nd
p
ag
er
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
7.
2
Te
le
ph
on
es
, c
or
dl
es
s
te
le
ph
on
es
, m
ot
or
te
le
ph
on
es
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
7.
3
Fa
x
m
ac
hi
ne
s
an
d
te
le
ph
on
e
an
sw
er
in
g
m
ac
hi
ne
s
fo
r
ho
us
eh
ol
d
pu
rp
os
es
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
8
Tw
o-
w
ay
r
ad
io
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
C
O
M
P
U
TE
R
A
N
D
TE
LE
C
O
M
M
U
N
IC
A
TI
O
N
E
Q
U
IP
M
E
N
T
(IT
E
M
1
.1
1
.8
)
P
A
R
T
N
C
om
m
un
ic
at
io
n
fo
r
ho
us
eh
ol
d
pu
rp
os
es
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
.1
C
os
t o
f c
om
m
un
ic
at
io
n
fo
r
ho
us
eh
ol
d
pu
rp
os
es
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
e
xp
en
se
s
w
hi
ch
in
cu
rr
ed
fo
r b
us
in
es
s
pu
rp
os
es
)
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1
TE
LE
P
H
O
N
E
F
E
E
S
1.
1.
1
Te
le
ph
on
e
re
nt
al
a
nd
in
st
al
la
tio
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
2
Te
le
ph
on
e
ca
lls
!
pr
iv
at
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
!
fr
om
p
ub
lic
te
le
ph
on
es
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
!
fr
om
c
el
lu
la
r
te
le
ph
on
es
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
!
fle
xi
ca
rd
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
3
V
al
ue
A
dd
ed
T
ax
(V
A
T)
(o
nl
y
if
te
le
ph
on
e
ac
co
un
t i
s
av
ai
la
bl
e)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
4
C
on
ne
ct
io
n
to
th
e
ce
llu
la
r
te
le
ph
on
e
ne
tw
or
k
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
5
R
en
t f
or
c
el
lu
la
r
te
le
ph
on
e
ne
tw
or
k
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
6
S
ub
sc
ri
pt
io
n
to
in
te
rn
et
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2
P
os
ta
ge
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
3
O
th
er
(t
el
eg
ra
m
s,
c
ou
rie
r s
er
vi
ce
s,
re
nt
in
g
of
po
st
b
ox
es
, f
ax
c
ha
rg
es
, e
tc
.)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
C
O
M
M
U
N
IC
A
TI
O
N
F
O
R
H
O
U
S
E
H
O
LD
P
U
R
P
O
S
E
S
(I
TE
M
1
.1
1
.3
)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
17
0
P
A
R
T
O
E
du
ca
tio
n
co
st
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
O
TE
S
:
E
xp
en
di
tu
re
o
n
th
e
fo
llo
w
in
g
m
us
t n
ot
b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
:
!
S
ch
oo
l b
ag
s:
P
ar
t R
.1
.2
, p
ag
e
29
!
Tr
av
el
lin
g
ex
pe
ns
es
: P
ar
t L
, a
pp
ro
pr
ia
te
it
em
s,
p
ag
es
2
1-
23
O
.1
C
os
t o
f e
du
ca
tio
n
Ite
m
C
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
P
ai
d
by
y
ou
o
r
by
m
ea
ns
o
f
lo
an
s
P
ai
d
by
m
ea
ns
of
g
ra
nt
s,
n
on
-
re
fu
nd
ab
le
bu
rs
ar
ie
s,
e
tc
1.
1
TU
IT
IO
N
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
c
or
re
sp
on
-
de
nc
e
an
d
di
st
an
ce
c
ou
rs
es
)
A
N
D
A
TT
E
N
D
A
N
C
E
F
E
E
S
1.
1.
1
D
ay
-c
ar
e
m
ot
he
rs
, c
rè
ch
es
, a
nd
pl
ay
gr
ou
ps
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
2
P
re
-p
ri
m
ar
y
sc
ho
ol
s,
a
ft
er
sc
ho
ol
c
en
tr
es
e
tc
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
3
S
C
H
O
O
LS
(p
rim
ar
y,
s
ec
on
da
ry
an
d
co
m
bi
ne
d
sc
ho
ol
s)
!
P
ub
lic
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
!
P
ri
va
te
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
4
Te
ac
he
rs
' t
ra
in
in
g,
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
ra
l
an
d
te
ch
ni
ca
l c
ol
le
ge
s
an
d
te
ch
ni
ko
ns
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
5
U
ni
ve
rs
iti
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
6
P
ri
va
te
tu
iti
on
in
s
ub
je
ct
s
of
a
n
ed
uc
at
io
na
l n
at
ur
e,
(e
.g
. e
xt
ra
le
ss
on
s
in
s
ch
oo
l s
ub
je
ct
s)
.
...
...
...
..
Ite
m
C
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
P
ai
d
by
y
ou
o
r
by
m
ea
ns
o
f
lo
an
s
P
ai
d
by
m
ea
ns
of
g
ra
nt
s,
n
on
-
re
fu
nd
ab
le
bu
rs
ar
ie
s,
e
tc
1.
1.
7
Fi
el
d
tr
ip
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
O
th
er
le
ss
on
s,
s
ee
P
ar
t Q
.4
.4
.3
,
pa
ge
2
8
1.
2
B
O
A
R
D
IN
G
F
E
E
S
1.
2.
1
S
ch
oo
ls
, t
ea
ch
er
s'
tr
ai
ni
ng
a
nd
te
ch
ni
ca
l c
ol
le
ge
s,
te
ch
ni
co
ns
,
un
iv
er
si
tie
s,
e
tc
. .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
3
S
ch
oo
ls
a
nd
o
th
er
e
du
ca
tio
na
l
in
st
itu
tio
ns
(e
xp
en
se
s
in
cu
rr
ed
no
t n
or
m
al
ly
re
ga
rd
ed
a
s
tu
iti
on
e.
g.
c
on
tri
bu
tio
ns
to
s
po
rt
gr
ou
nd
s)
1.
4
Te
xt
bo
ok
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
5
S
ta
tio
ne
ry
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
.6
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
(e
.g
. t
ra
in
in
g
an
d
ad
ul
t e
du
ca
tio
n)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
E
D
U
C
A
TI
O
N
(IT
E
M
1
.1
1
. 6
)
+
+
+
+
17
1
P
A
R
T
P
R
ea
di
ng
m
at
er
ia
l a
nd
s
ta
tio
ne
ry
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
P
.1
C
os
t o
f r
ea
di
ng
m
at
er
ia
l a
nd
s
ta
tio
ne
ry
Ite
m
To
ta
l
pu
rc
ha
se
s
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
1.
1
R
E
A
D
IN
G
M
A
TE
R
IA
L
1.
1.
1
N
ew
sp
ap
er
s
da
ily
a
nd
w
ee
kl
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
2
M
ag
az
in
es
a
nd
p
er
io
di
ca
ls
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
3
B
oo
ks
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
th
os
e
fo
r t
ui
tio
n)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
4
Li
br
ar
y
fe
es
a
nd
fi
ne
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2
S
ta
tio
ne
ry
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
th
os
e
fo
r e
du
ca
tio
n)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
R
E
A
D
IN
G
M
A
TE
R
IA
L
A
N
D
S
TA
TI
O
N
E
R
Y
(IT
E
M
1
.1
.1
1
. 2
)
P
A
R
T
Q
R
ec
re
at
io
n,
e
nt
er
ta
in
m
en
t a
nd
s
po
rt
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
Q
.1
C
os
t o
f i
ns
tr
um
en
ts
, e
qu
ip
m
en
t a
nd
a
cc
es
so
ri
es
N
O
TE
S
:
!
Th
e
co
st
o
f i
te
m
s
pu
rc
ha
se
d
du
rin
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
(w
he
th
er
p
ai
d
fo
r)
or
n
ot
) s
ho
ul
d
in
cl
ud
e
fin
an
ce
c
ha
rg
es
(i
f a
ny
).
!
R
en
ta
l p
ai
d
m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
(s
ee
P
ar
t Q
.4
, p
ag
e
28
).
!
Th
e
am
ou
nt
s
ac
tu
al
ly
p
ai
d
du
rin
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
fo
r i
te
m
s
pu
rc
ha
se
d
du
rin
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
or
e
ar
lie
r s
ho
ul
d
in
cl
ud
e
al
l c
as
h
pu
rc
ha
se
s,
in
st
al
m
en
ts
,
de
po
si
ts
a
nd
th
e
va
lu
e
of
it
em
s
tra
de
d
in
d
ur
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d.
Ite
m
A
ct
ua
l a
m
ou
nt
pa
id
d
ur
in
g
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1
M
us
ic
al
in
st
ru
m
en
ts
: P
ia
no
s,
o
rg
an
s
an
d
ot
he
r
m
us
ic
al
in
st
ru
m
en
ts
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2
S
O
U
N
D
A
N
D
V
ID
E
O
E
Q
U
IP
M
E
N
T
1.
2.
1
Te
le
vi
si
on
s
et
s,
d
ec
od
er
, v
id
eo
r
ec
or
de
r/
D
V
D
..
...
.
1.
2.
2
A
er
ia
ls
a
nd
s
at
el
lit
e
di
sh
es
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
3
R
ad
io
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
m
ot
or
c
ar
ra
di
os
),
ta
pe
re
co
rd
er
s,
c
om
pa
ct
d
is
c
pl
ay
er
s,
r
ec
or
d
pl
ay
er
s
an
d
si
m
ila
r
eq
ui
pm
en
t .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
4
M
ag
ne
tic
ta
pe
s
an
d
co
m
pa
ct
d
is
cs
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
3
P
ho
to
gr
ap
hy
: C
am
er
as
, v
id
eo
c
am
er
as
,
pr
oj
ec
to
rs
, f
la
sh
es
a
nd
fi
lm
s
(e
xp
en
di
tu
re
in
co
nn
ec
tio
n
w
ith
d
ev
el
op
in
g
P
ar
t Q
.4
.4
.2
p
ag
e
28
).
...
.
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
17
2
Ite
m
C
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
1.
4
A
ir
cr
af
t,
bo
at
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
ou
tb
oa
rd
m
ot
or
s)
,
go
-c
ar
ts
, e
tc
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
5
S
P
O
R
TS
E
Q
U
IP
M
E
N
T
1.
5.
1
R
ifl
es
a
nd
a
m
m
un
iti
on
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
5.
2
Te
nn
is
r
ac
ke
ts
a
nd
b
al
ls
, f
is
hi
ng
r
od
s,
e
tc
.
...
...
...
.
1.
5.
3
G
am
e
sp
ec
ifi
c
fo
ot
w
ea
r
an
d
pr
ot
ec
tio
n
ge
ar
(r
ug
by
b
oo
ts
, k
ne
e
pa
ds
, l
ife
ja
ck
et
s,
e
tc
.)
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
6
C
am
pi
ng
e
qu
ip
m
en
t (
te
nt
s,
e
tc
.)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
7
P
ow
er
d
ri
ve
n
an
d
ot
he
r
to
ol
s
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
g
ar
de
ni
ng
to
ol
s,
w
hi
ch
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t J
.3
.2
.5
o
r
P
ar
t J
.4
.5
, p
ag
e
19
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
8
R
ep
ai
rs
a
nd
s
er
vi
ce
c
ha
rg
es
fo
r
th
e
ab
ov
e-
m
en
tio
ne
d
eq
ui
pm
en
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
R
E
C
R
E
A
TI
O
N
, I
N
S
TR
U
M
E
N
TS
,
E
Q
U
IP
M
E
N
T
A
N
D
A
C
C
E
S
S
O
R
IE
S
(I
TE
M
1
.1
1
.8
)
Q
.2
D
id
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
b
uy
a
ny
o
th
er
r
ec
re
at
io
n,
e
nt
er
ta
in
m
en
t a
nd
s
po
rt
go
od
s
an
d
an
y
pe
ts
a
nd
p
et
r
eq
ui
si
te
s
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s?
1
=
Y
E
S
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t Q
.3
1
2
=
N
o
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t Q
.4
2
Q
.3
C
os
t o
f o
th
er
g
oo
ds
Ite
m
C
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
3.
1
S
w
im
m
in
g
po
ol
e
qu
ip
m
en
t a
nd
r
ep
ai
rs
o
f
eq
ui
pm
en
t.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2
G
ar
de
ni
ng
r
eq
ui
re
m
en
ts
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
g
ar
de
ni
ng
eq
ui
pm
en
t,
w
hi
ch
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t J
.4
.5
, p
ag
e
19
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
3
S
ee
ds
, p
la
nt
s,
s
hr
ub
s
an
d
tr
ee
s,
fe
rt
ili
ze
r,
p
la
nt
an
d
pe
st
s
pr
ay
r
em
ed
ie
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
3.
4
P
E
TS
3.
4.
1
P
ur
ch
as
e
of
p
et
s,
fo
od
s/
fe
ed
s
an
d
ot
he
r
re
qu
is
ite
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
5
B
ou
qu
et
s
an
d
cu
t f
lo
w
er
s
fo
r
ho
us
eh
ol
d
us
e
...
...
.
3.
6
N
et
e
xp
en
di
tu
re
o
n
ho
bb
ie
s,
to
ys
a
nd
g
am
es
.
...
..
3.
7
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
R
E
C
R
E
A
TI
O
N
, E
N
TE
R
TA
IN
M
E
N
T
A
N
D
S
P
O
R
T
G
O
O
D
S
, E
TC
. (
IT
E
M
3
.1
3
.7
)
+
+
+
+
17
3
Q
.4
C
os
t o
f l
ic
en
se
s,
r
en
ta
l a
nd
o
th
er
s
er
vi
ce
c
ha
rg
es
Ite
m
C
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
4.
1
TE
LE
V
IS
IO
N
4.
1.
1
Li
ce
nc
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
1.
2
R
en
ta
l .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
1.
3
S
ub
sc
ri
pt
io
n
to
p
ay
T
V
c
ha
nn
el
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
1.
4
R
en
t f
or
d
ec
od
er
, v
id
eo
-e
qu
ip
m
en
t a
nd
ta
pe
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
2
A
dm
is
si
on
c
ha
rg
es
: c
in
em
as
, t
he
at
re
s,
c
on
ce
rts
,
sh
ow
s,
s
w
im
m
in
g
po
ol
s,
s
po
rts
e
ve
nt
s,
m
us
eu
m
s,
zo
ol
og
ic
al
a
nd
b
ot
an
ic
al
g
ar
de
ns
, e
tc
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
3
P
E
TS
4.
3.
1
Li
ce
nc
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
3.
2
C
ar
e
(e
.g
. d
og
gy
p
ar
lo
ur
, k
en
ne
ls
a
nd
v
et
er
in
ar
y
co
st
s)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Ite
m
C
os
ts
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
4.
4
O
TH
E
R
4.
4.
1
G
ar
de
n
an
d
sw
im
m
in
g
po
ol
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
w
ag
es
o
f p
er
so
ns
w
ho
m
ai
nt
ai
n
po
ol
,
bu
t i
nc
lu
di
ng
c
he
m
ic
al
s)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
4.
2
Fi
lm
d
ev
el
op
m
en
t a
nd
p
ho
to
-p
ri
nt
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
4.
3
Fe
es
fo
r
le
ss
on
s
co
nn
ec
tin
g
w
ith
r
ec
re
at
io
n,
en
te
rt
ai
nm
en
t a
nd
s
po
rt
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
Fo
r l
es
so
ns
in
e
du
ca
tio
na
l s
ub
je
ct
s,
s
ee
P
ar
t O
.1
,
P
ag
e
25
a
nd
fo
r m
ot
or
c
ar
d
riv
in
g
le
ss
on
s,
s
ee
P
ar
t
L.
1
.2
.1
5,
p
ag
e
22
4.
4.
4
H
ol
id
ay
to
ur
p
ac
ka
ge
s
(a
ll
in
cl
us
iv
e
ho
lid
ay
s)
..
...
...
.
4.
4.
5
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
LI
C
E
N
S
E
S
, R
E
N
T
O
R
S
E
R
V
IC
E
C
H
A
R
G
E
S
F
O
R
R
E
C
R
E
A
TI
O
N
, E
N
TE
R
TA
IN
M
E
N
T
A
N
D
S
P
O
R
T
P
U
R
P
O
S
E
S
(I
TE
M
4
.1
.4
4
.4
.5
)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
17
4
P
A
R
T
R
M
is
ce
lla
ne
ou
s
ex
pe
nd
itu
re
o
ve
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
R
.1
C
os
t o
f m
is
ce
lla
ne
ou
s
go
od
s
Ite
m
To
ta
l p
ur
ch
as
es
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1
W
at
ch
es
a
nd
p
er
so
na
l j
ew
el
le
ry
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2
H
an
db
ag
s,
tr
av
el
lin
g
ba
gs
, s
ch
oo
lb
ag
s,
e
tc
. .
...
...
...
.
1.
3
P
ra
m
s,
p
us
h-
ca
rt
s,
c
ar
ry
-c
ot
s,
c
ar
s
ea
ts
, e
tc
. .
...
...
...
1.
4
R
ep
ai
r
of
m
is
ce
lla
ne
ou
s
go
od
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
5
O
th
er
(u
m
br
el
la
s,
p
oc
ke
t-k
ni
ve
s,
s
un
gl
as
se
s,
e
tc
.),
sp
ec
ify
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
M
IS
C
E
LL
A
N
E
O
U
S
G
O
O
D
S
(IT
E
M
1
.1
1
.5
)
R
.2
C
os
t o
f m
em
be
rs
hi
p
fe
es
, r
em
itt
an
ce
a
nd
m
em
be
rs
f
ee
s,
do
na
tio
ns
, g
ift
s
an
d
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
N
O
TE
!
In
cl
ud
e
am
ou
nt
s
pa
id
b
y
m
ea
ns
o
f s
to
p
or
d
eb
it
or
de
rs
a
nd
e
m
pl
oy
er
de
du
ct
io
ns
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
2.
1
M
ai
nt
en
an
ce
o
f/r
em
itt
an
ce
to
fa
m
ily
m
em
be
r
an
d
de
pe
nd
an
ts
li
vi
ng
e
ls
ew
he
re
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
a
lim
on
y
pa
id
to
e
x-
w
ife
, c
hi
ld
re
n)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
2
G
ift
s
fo
r
pe
rs
on
s
w
ho
a
re
n
ot
m
em
be
rs
o
f t
hi
s
ho
us
eh
ol
d
(in
cl
ud
in
g
ca
sh
g
ift
s)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
3
Tr
ib
al
le
vi
es
(n
ot
fo
r h
ou
si
ng
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
2.
4
M
E
M
B
E
R
S
H
IP
F
E
E
S
, M
E
M
B
E
R
S
F
E
E
S
2.
4.
1
Tr
ad
e
un
io
ns
a
nd
s
ta
ff
a
ss
oc
ia
tio
ns
,
pr
of
es
si
on
al
a
ss
oc
ia
tio
ns
, s
ci
en
tif
ic
, a
rt
a
nd
cu
ltu
ra
l s
oc
ie
tie
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
4.
2
G
ym
na
si
um
s,
h
ea
lth
, s
po
rt
s
an
d
so
ci
al
c
lu
bs
2.
5
P
oc
ke
t m
on
ey
fo
r
ch
ild
re
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
W
he
re
it
d
oe
s
no
t i
nc
lu
de
e
xp
en
di
tu
re
o
n
ci
ne
m
a
fe
es
, e
tc
. w
hi
ch
h
as
a
lre
ad
y
be
en
a
cc
ou
nt
ed
fo
r
el
se
w
he
re
in
th
is
q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
.
2.
6
P
ay
m
en
ts
a
nd
d
on
at
io
ns
to
r
el
ig
io
us
in
st
itu
tio
ns
2.
7
O
th
er
, i
nc
lu
di
ng
d
on
at
io
ns
to
c
ha
ri
ty
a
nd
po
lit
ic
al
o
rg
an
is
at
io
ns
, s
tr
ee
t c
ol
le
ct
io
ns
, e
tc
.
...
..
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
M
E
M
B
E
R
S
H
IP
F
E
E
S
, R
E
M
IT
TA
N
C
E
A
N
D
M
E
M
B
E
R
S
F
E
E
S
, D
O
N
A
TI
O
N
S
, G
IF
TS
A
N
D
M
A
IN
TE
N
A
N
C
E
(I
TE
M
2
.1
2
.7
)
R
.3
C
os
t o
f i
nc
om
e
ta
x
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
1
D
ed
uc
tio
ns
(P
A
Y
E
) a
cc
or
di
ng
to
p
ay
sl
ip
.
...
...
...
...
.
3.
2
O
th
er
p
ay
m
en
ts
a
cc
or
di
ng
to
a
ss
es
sm
en
t
in
cl
ud
in
g
pr
el
im
in
ar
y
ta
x
pa
ym
en
ts
, p
ay
m
en
ts
w
ith
r
eg
ar
d
to
p
re
vi
ou
s
as
se
ss
m
en
ts
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.
3
R
ef
un
ds
r
ec
ei
ve
d
(a
cc
or
di
ng
to
a
ss
es
sm
en
t)
...
...
...
.
N
E
T
A
M
O
U
N
T
P
A
ID
(I
TE
M
3
.1
+
3
.2
m
in
us
3
.3
)
+
+
+
+
17
5
R
.4
C
os
t o
f f
in
an
ce
, i
ns
ur
an
ce
, e
tc
.
N
O
TE
In
cl
ud
e
am
ou
nt
s
by
m
ea
ns
o
f s
to
p
or
de
rs
a
nd
d
eb
it
or
de
rs
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
4.
1
FI
N
A
N
C
E
A
N
D
B
A
N
K
C
H
A
R
G
E
S
4.
1.
1
B
an
k
ch
ar
ge
s
(c
he
qu
e
bo
ok
s,
s
er
vi
ce
c
ha
rg
es
,e
tc
)
.
4.
1.
2
In
te
re
st
/fi
na
nc
e
ch
ar
ge
s
no
t s
ho
w
n
el
se
w
he
re
.
...
4.
1.
3
R
ep
ay
m
en
ts
o
n
pe
rs
on
al
a
nd
o
ve
rd
ra
ft
lo
an
s,
in
cl
ud
in
g
cr
ed
it
ca
rd
s,
b
ut
e
xc
lu
di
ng
in
st
al
m
en
ts
sh
ow
n
el
se
w
he
re
(e
.g
. h
ou
si
ng
, f
ur
ni
tu
re
, s
tu
di
es
,
ve
hi
cl
es
a
nd
re
cr
ea
tio
na
l e
qu
ip
m
en
t)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
2
IN
S
U
R
A
N
C
E
P
R
E
M
IU
M
S
P
A
ID
B
Y
Y
O
U
O
R
Y
O
U
R
E
M
P
LO
Y
E
R
4.
2.
1
Li
fe
a
nd
e
nd
ow
m
en
t p
ol
ic
ie
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
st
ud
y
po
lic
ie
s)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
2.
2
Fu
ne
ra
l p
ol
ic
ie
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
2.
3
M
ed
ic
al
in
su
ra
nc
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
2.
4
Le
ga
l i
ns
ur
an
ce
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
3
In
su
ra
nc
e
pa
id
fo
r
ho
lid
ay
p
ur
po
se
s
(li
fe
,
lu
gg
ag
e,
m
ed
ic
al
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
4
IN
S
U
R
A
N
C
E
O
F
P
R
O
P
E
R
TY
4.
4.
1
In
su
ra
nc
e
of
b
ui
ld
in
gs
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
4.
2
In
su
ra
nc
e
co
ve
ri
ng
m
or
tg
ag
e
de
bt
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
4.
5
IN
S
U
R
A
N
C
E
O
N
C
O
N
TE
N
TS
O
F
D
W
E
LL
IN
G
/
V
E
H
IC
LE
4.
5.
1
In
su
ra
nc
e
of
c
on
te
nt
s
of
d
w
el
lin
g
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
pa
ck
ag
e
in
su
ra
nc
e)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
5.
2
In
su
ra
nc
e
of
m
ot
or
v
eh
ic
le
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
p
ac
ka
ge
in
su
ra
nc
e)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
5.
3
P
ac
ka
ge
in
su
ra
nc
e
(c
om
pr
eh
en
si
ve
in
su
ra
nc
e)
.
...
..
4.
6
C
O
N
TR
IB
U
TI
O
N
S
T
O
P
E
N
S
IO
N
, P
R
O
V
ID
E
N
T
A
N
D
A
N
N
U
IT
Y
F
U
N
D
S
4.
6.
1
P
ai
d
by
y
ou
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
6.
2
P
ai
d
by
y
ou
r
em
pl
oy
er
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
7
C
on
tr
ib
ut
io
ns
to
s
to
kv
el
(m
er
ry
-g
o-
ro
un
d)
..
...
...
...
...
4.
8
IN
V
E
S
TM
E
N
T
4.
8.
1
S
ha
re
s
an
d
un
it
tr
us
ts
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
8.
2
In
ve
st
m
en
t p
la
ns
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
8.
3
O
ff
sh
or
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
9
A
m
ou
nt
p
ai
d
in
to
s
av
in
gs
a
cc
ou
nt
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
FI
N
A
N
C
E
, I
N
S
U
R
A
N
C
E
, E
TC
.
(IT
E
M
4
.1
4
. 9
)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
17
6
R
.5
C
os
t o
f o
th
er
e
xp
en
di
tu
re
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
5.
1
P
R
O
FE
S
S
IO
N
A
L
FE
E
S
5.
1.
1
Le
ga
l f
ee
s,
a
rc
hi
te
ct
s'
a
nd
o
th
er
p
ro
fe
ss
io
na
l
fe
es
n
ot
s
ho
w
n
el
se
w
he
re
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
5.
2
Lo
bo
la
/d
ow
ry
p
ai
d
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
5.
3
Fu
ne
ra
l e
xp
en
se
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
5.
4
G
ra
ve
st
on
es
a
nd
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
o
f g
ra
ve
s
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
u
nv
ei
lin
g)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
5.
5
R
el
ig
io
us
a
nd
tr
ad
iti
on
al
c
er
em
on
ie
s
(e
.g
.
un
ve
ili
ng
, w
ed
di
ng
s)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
5.
6
Fi
ne
s,
e
xc
lu
di
ng
tr
af
fic
a
nd
li
br
ar
y
fin
es
(e
.g
. f
in
es
fo
r s
tra
yi
ng
li
ve
st
oc
k)
.
S
ee
P
ar
t L
.1
.2
.4
p
ag
e
22
a
nd
P
ar
t P
.1
.1
, p
ag
e
26
.
...
5.
7
G
am
bl
in
g
(e
.g
. P
er
a,
h
or
se
ra
ci
ng
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5.
8
A
ll
ot
he
r
ex
pe
nd
itu
re
, (
e.
g.
g
un
s)
s
pe
ci
fy
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
O
TH
E
R
E
X
P
E
N
D
IT
U
R
E
(IT
E
M
5
.1
5
.8
)
R
.6
C
os
t o
f o
th
er
d
w
el
lin
g
un
its
R
.6
.1
D
id
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
in
th
e
la
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
ow
n/
oc
cu
py
a
ny
o
th
er
dw
el
lin
g
un
it
th
an
th
is
o
ne
?
1
=
Y
E
S
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t R
.6
.2
1
2
=
N
o
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t R
.7
2
R
.6
.2
C
os
t o
f o
th
er
d
w
el
lin
g
un
its
th
an
th
is
o
ne
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
6
.2
.1
R
en
t a
nd
/o
r
in
st
al
m
en
ts
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
6
.2
.2
W
at
er
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
6.
2.
3
E
le
ct
ri
ci
ty
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
6.
2.
4
R
ep
ai
r
an
d
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
6.
2.
5
S
ta
ff
c
os
ts
(e
.g
. d
om
es
tic
s
er
va
nt
s,
in
cl
ud
in
g
su
pp
or
t i
n
ca
sh
o
r/a
nd
in
k
in
d)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
6.
2.
6
O
th
er
e
xp
en
se
s
re
la
te
d
to
o
th
er
d
w
el
lin
g
un
its
th
an
th
is
o
ne
, s
pe
ci
fy
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
C
O
S
T
O
F
O
TH
E
R
D
W
E
LL
IN
G
U
N
IT
S
T
H
A
N
T
H
IS
O
N
E
(I
TE
M
6
.2
.1
-6
.2
.6
)
R
.7
N
et
lo
ss
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
7.
1
N
et
lo
ss
o
n
ex
pe
nd
itu
re
in
cu
rr
ed
in
o
bt
ai
ni
ng
in
co
m
e
or
a
dd
iti
on
al
in
co
m
e
by
w
or
ki
ng
fo
r
yo
ur
o
w
n
ac
co
un
t,
in
cl
ud
in
g
pa
rt
-t
im
e
fa
rm
in
g,
bu
t e
xc
lu
di
ng
d
w
el
lin
g(
s)
(w
hi
ch
s
ho
ul
d
be
s
ho
w
n
in
P
ar
t G
, p
ag
e
12
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
TO
TA
L
N
E
T
LO
S
S
(I
TE
M
7
.1
)
+
+
+
+
17
7
P
ar
t S
D
et
ai
ls
o
f h
ou
se
ho
ld
's
p
ro
du
ct
io
n
an
d
sa
le
s
of
h
om
e
gr
ow
n
pr
od
uc
ts
, l
iv
es
to
ck
a
nd
p
ou
ltr
y
du
ri
ng
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
S
.1
H
as
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
g
ro
w
n
pr
od
uc
e
fo
r
ow
n
co
ns
um
pt
io
n
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s?
1
=
Y
E
S
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t S
.2
1
2
=
N
o
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t S
.3
2
S
.2
P
ro
du
ce
1.
Q
ua
nt
ity
p
ro
du
ce
d
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
2.
Q
ua
nt
ity
s
ol
d
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
3.
V
al
ue
o
f s
al
es
in
th
e
p
as
t 1
2
m
on
th
s
Ite
m
K
g
Li
tr
e
D
oz
en
K
g
Li
tr
e
D
oz
en
N
$
2.
1
M
ai
ze
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
2
M
ah
an
gu
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
3
S
or
gh
um
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
4
O
th
er
g
ra
in
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
5
Fr
ui
t .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
6
V
eg
et
ab
le
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
7
O
th
er
fo
od
s,
e
.g
. b
ea
ns
, n
ut
s
...
.
2.
8
M
ilk
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
9
E
gg
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
10
S
or
gh
um
b
ee
r/
h
om
e
br
ew
ed
.
...
2.
11
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
17
8
S
.3
H
as
th
is
h
ou
se
ho
ld
k
ep
t a
ny
li
ve
st
oc
k
or
p
ou
ltr
y
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s?
1
=
Y
E
S
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t S
.4
1
2
=
N
o
!
G
o
to
P
ar
t S
.5
2
S
.4
Li
ve
st
oc
k
an
d
po
ul
tr
y
4.
V
al
ue
o
f s
al
es
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
Ite
m
1.
N
um
be
r
of
li
ve
-
st
oc
k
an
d
po
ul
tr
y
12
m
on
th
s
ag
o
2.
N
um
be
r
of
li
ve
-
st
oc
k
an
d
po
ul
tr
y
to
da
y
3.
N
um
be
r
of
li
ve
st
oc
k
an
d
po
ul
tr
y
so
ld
li
ve
or
s
ol
d
sl
au
gh
te
re
d
in
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
$
4.
1
C
at
tle
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
2
S
he
ep
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
3
P
ig
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
4
G
oa
ts
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
5
D
on
ke
ys
/m
ul
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
6
H
or
se
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
4.
7
P
ou
ltr
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
4.
8
O
st
ri
ch
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
9
O
th
er
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
+
+
+
+
17
9
S
.5
In
pu
t c
os
ts
(A
sk
o
nl
y
if
an
y
Y
E
S
i
n
S
1
o
r S
3
)
Ite
m
To
ta
l c
os
t f
or
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
N
$
5.
1
S
ee
ds
a
nd
fe
ed
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
5.
2
Fe
rt
ili
ze
rs
, m
an
ur
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
5.
3
W
at
er
fo
r
an
im
al
s
or
ir
ri
ga
tio
n
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5.
4
S
er
vi
ce
s
(e
.g
. p
lo
ug
hi
ng
, w
ag
es
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
5.
5
P
ro
ce
ss
in
g
(e
.g
. g
rin
di
ng
a
nd
s
la
ug
ht
er
in
g)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
5.
6
V
et
er
in
ar
y
se
rv
ic
es
a
nd
tr
ea
tm
en
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
5.
7
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
IN
P
U
T
C
O
S
T
(IT
E
M
5
.1
5
.7
)
P
A
R
T
T
D
eb
ts
T.
1
D
eb
ts
(I
nc
lu
di
ng
o
ut
st
an
di
ng
a
m
ou
nt
s
on
h
ire
p
ur
ch
as
es
)
Ite
m
O
ut
st
an
di
ng
am
ou
nt
s
du
e/
ow
ed
N
$
1.
1
B
on
d
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2
C
ar
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
3
Fu
rn
itu
re
a
nd
h
ou
se
ho
ld
a
pp
lia
nc
es
-
hi
re
p
ur
ch
as
e
..
1.
4
B
an
k
lo
an
s/
b
an
k
ov
er
dr
af
t/
cr
ed
it
ca
rd
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
5
O
pe
n
ac
co
un
ts
a
t r
et
ai
l s
to
re
s
or
la
y-
by
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
6
Lo
an
s
fr
om
fr
ie
nd
s
an
d
fa
m
ily
(c
as
h
lo
an
s
)
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
7
O
th
er
c
as
h
lo
an
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
8
O
th
er
d
eb
ts
, e
.g
. u
np
ai
d
fe
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
D
E
B
TS
(I
TE
M
1
.1
1
.8
)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
18
0
P
A
R
T
U
P
ar
tic
ul
ar
s
of
in
co
m
e
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
N
O
TE
S
:
!
A
ll
in
co
m
e
of
m
em
be
rs
o
f t
he
h
ou
se
ho
ld
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n.
P
ay
m
en
ts
w
ith
in
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d,
e
.g
. t
o
do
m
es
tic
w
or
ke
rs
re
co
rd
ed
a
s
ho
us
eh
ol
d
m
em
be
rs
, a
re
n
ot
to
b
e
re
co
rd
ed
!
N
ot
e,
in
co
m
e
fo
r p
er
so
ns
w
ho
n
or
m
al
ly
re
si
de
in
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
bu
t w
ho
a
re
te
m
po
ra
ril
y
ab
se
nt
s
ho
ul
d
al
so
b
e
re
co
rd
ed
. I
f a
n
ab
se
nt
p
er
so
n
is
e
xp
ec
te
d
to
re
tu
rn
to
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
w
ith
in
th
e
re
co
rd
in
g
pe
rio
d,
tr
y
to
m
ak
e
an
a
pp
oi
nt
m
en
t a
nd
a
sk
th
e
pe
rs
on
h
im
se
lf/
he
rs
el
f.
If
th
e
pe
rs
on
is
n
ot
e
xp
ec
te
d
to
re
tu
rn
w
ith
in
th
e
re
co
rd
in
g
pe
rio
d,
tr
y
to
g
et
th
e
an
sw
er
s
fro
m
o
th
er
h
ou
se
ho
ld
m
em
be
rs
.
!
In
co
m
e
be
fo
re
th
e
de
du
ct
io
ns
m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n.
!
Th
e
ca
sh
v
al
ue
o
f a
ll
be
ne
fit
s
re
ce
iv
ed
, w
he
th
er
fr
om
th
e
em
pl
oy
er
o
r n
ot
, m
us
t b
e
sh
ow
n
in
P
ar
t U
.2
, p
ag
e
39
.
U
.0
.1
G
iv
e
pe
rs
on
n
um
be
r
of
a
ll
pe
rs
on
s
8
ye
ar
s
an
d
ab
ov
e
fr
om
B
1
1
U
.0
.2
A
re
th
er
e
an
y
pe
rs
on
s
w
ho
n
or
m
al
ly
r
es
id
e
in
th
is
ho
us
eh
ol
d,
w
ho
a
re
te
m
po
ra
ri
ly
a
bs
en
t a
nd
w
ho
a
re
ex
pe
ct
ed
to
r
et
ur
n
to
th
e
ho
us
eh
ol
d
in
a
n
ea
r
fu
tu
re
?
If
Y
es
,
w
rit
e
th
e
na
m
e
in
th
e
fir
st
S
ur
na
m
e:
em
pt
y
co
lu
m
n
an
d
w
rit
e
pe
rs
on
nu
m
be
r 9
1
in
U
.0
.1
fo
r t
he
fi
rs
t
pe
rs
on
, 9
2
fo
r t
he
s
ec
on
d,
e
tc
.
W
rit
e
si
de
w
ay
s
if
ne
ce
ss
ar
y
Fi
rs
t n
am
e:
U
.1
R
eg
ul
ar
in
co
m
e
Ite
m
In
co
m
e
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
1.
1
S
A
LA
R
IE
S
A
N
D
W
A
G
E
S
1.
1.
1
B
as
ic
m
on
th
ly
w
ag
e
or
s
al
ar
y
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
2
B
on
us
es
a
nd
in
co
m
e
fr
om
o
ve
rt
im
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
3
S
itt
in
g
al
lo
w
an
ce
s
(c
om
m
is
si
on
er
s
a
nd
d
ir
ec
to
rs
fe
es
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
+
+
+
+
18
1
U
.1
R
eg
ul
ar
in
co
m
e,
c
on
tin
ue
d
Ite
m
1
1.
1.
4
C
A
S
H
A
LL
O
W
A
N
C
E
S
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
c
he
ck
s,
tr
an
sf
er
s,
e
tc
.)
1.
1.
4.
1
Tr
an
sp
or
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
1.
4.
2
H
ou
si
ng
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
1.
4.
3
C
lo
th
in
g
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
1.
4.
4
O
th
er
c
as
h
al
lo
w
an
ce
s,
s
pe
ci
fy
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2
D
E
D
U
C
TI
O
N
S
B
Y
T
H
E
E
M
P
LO
Y
E
R
1.
2.
1
C
ar
lo
an
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
2
H
ou
si
ng
lo
an
, m
or
tg
ag
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
3
H
ou
se
r
en
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
4
In
co
m
e
ta
x
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
5
M
ed
ic
al
a
id
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
6
In
su
ra
nc
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
2.
7
P
en
si
on
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
2.
8
S
oc
ia
l s
ec
ur
ity
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
2.
9
O
th
er
d
ed
uc
tio
ns
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
18
2
U
.1
R
eg
ul
ar
in
co
m
e,
c
on
tin
ue
d
Ite
m
1
1.
3.
1
N
et
p
ro
fit
fr
om
h
ou
se
ho
ld
b
us
in
es
s
or
p
ro
fe
ss
io
na
l
pr
ac
tic
e/
a
ct
iv
iti
es
c
on
du
ct
ed
o
n
a
fu
ll-
tim
e
or
re
gu
la
r
pa
rt
-t
im
e
ba
si
s
(e
xc
l.
pr
of
it
fro
m
fa
rm
in
g
an
d
ex
cl
ud
in
g
in
te
re
st
a
nd
d
iv
id
en
ds
) (
se
e
al
so
P
ar
t U
. 2
,
ite
m
1
).
If
a
ne
t l
os
s,
s
ho
w
it
in
P
ar
t R
.6
, p
ag
e
31
)
...
...
...
..
1.
3.
2
In
co
m
e
fr
om
p
as
se
ng
er
tr
an
sp
or
t (
no
t b
us
in
es
s)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
4
N
E
T
IN
C
O
M
E
F
R
O
M
L
E
TT
IN
G
O
F
FI
X
E
D
P
R
O
P
E
R
TY
(o
nl
y
if
th
e
le
tti
ng
o
f p
ro
pe
rty
is
n
ot
a
b
on
a
fid
e
bu
si
ne
ss
- s
ee
U
.1
.3
.1
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
4.
1
P
ro
pe
rt
y
fo
r
ho
lid
ay
p
ur
po
se
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
4.
2
O
th
er
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
5
R
oy
al
tie
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
6
In
te
re
st
r
ec
ei
ve
d
an
d/
or
a
cc
ru
ed
o
n
de
po
si
ts
, l
oa
ns
,
sa
vi
ng
s
ce
rt
ifi
ca
te
s,
a
nd
d
iv
id
en
ds
o
n
sh
ar
es
, a
nd
an
nu
iti
es
a
nd
s
im
ila
r
re
cu
rr
in
g
re
ce
ip
ts
r
es
ul
tin
g
fr
om
o
w
n
in
ve
st
m
en
ts
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
7
D
iv
id
en
ds
o
n
sh
ar
es
o
th
er
th
an
b
ui
ld
in
g
so
ci
et
y
sh
ar
es
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
8
R
E
G
U
LA
R
R
E
C
E
IP
TS
F
R
O
M
P
E
N
S
IO
N
, S
O
C
IA
L
W
E
LF
A
R
E
A
N
D
G
R
A
N
TS
P
R
O
V
ID
E
D
A
N
D
O
TH
E
R
A
N
N
U
IT
Y
F
U
N
D
S
1.
8.
1
P
en
si
on
fr
om
p
re
vi
ou
s
em
pl
oy
m
en
t
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
+
+
+
+
18
3
U
.1
R
eg
ul
ar
in
co
m
e,
c
on
tin
ue
d
Ite
m
1
1.
8.
2
S
O
C
IA
L
P
E
N
S
IO
N
(S
) O
R
A
LL
O
W
A
N
C
E
S
1.
8.
2.
1
O
ld
a
ge
p
en
si
on
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.
8.
2.
2
W
ar
v
et
er
an
s/
E
x-
co
m
ba
ta
nt
s
a
nd
w
ar
o
rp
ha
ns
gr
an
ts
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
8.
2.
3
D
is
ab
ili
ty
g
ra
nt
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
1.
8.
2.
4
Fa
m
ily
a
nd
o
th
er
a
llo
w
an
ce
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
st
at
e
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
g
ra
nt
a
nd
c
hi
ld
g
ra
nt
s)
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
8.
3
Fr
om
th
e
W
or
km
en
's
C
om
pe
ns
at
io
n
an
d
si
m
ila
r
fu
nd
s
1.
9
A
lim
on
y,
m
ai
nt
en
an
ce
a
nd
o
th
er
k
in
ds
o
f a
llo
w
an
ce
s
re
ce
iv
ed
fr
om
d
iv
or
ce
d
sp
ou
se
, f
am
ily
m
em
be
rs
, e
tc
.,
liv
in
g
el
se
w
he
re
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
1.
10
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
:.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TO
TA
L
R
E
G
U
LA
R
IN
C
O
M
E
(I
TE
M
1
.1
.1
1
.1
.1
.4
, 1
.3
.1
-
1.
10
)*
TO
TA
L
R
E
G
U
LA
R
H
O
U
S
E
H
O
LD
IN
C
O
M
E
*N
ot
e:
It
em
1
.2
.1
-1
.2
.9
s
ho
ul
d
no
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
in
to
ta
l r
eg
ul
ar
in
co
m
e
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
18
4
U
.2
O
th
er
h
ou
se
ho
ld
in
co
m
e
Ite
m
In
co
m
e
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
2.
1
N
et
in
co
m
e
fr
om
h
ob
bi
es
, s
id
e-
lin
es
a
nd
p
ar
t-
tim
e
ac
tiv
iti
es
, (
if
ne
t l
os
s,
s
ho
w
u
nd
er
P
ar
t R
.6
pa
ge
3
1)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
2
IN
C
O
M
E
D
E
R
IV
E
D
F
R
O
M
T
H
E
S
A
LE
O
F
V
E
H
IC
LE
S
, P
R
O
P
E
R
TY
, E
TC
.
2.
2.
1
M
ot
or
v
eh
ic
le
s
(in
cl
ud
in
g
th
e
tra
de
-in
v
al
ue
o
f
ve
hi
cl
es
, S
ee
th
e
"N
ot
e"
a
t P
ar
t L
1.
1,
p
ag
e
21
)
...
.
2.
2.
2
Fi
xe
d
pr
op
er
ty
(b
ui
ld
in
g,
la
nd
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
2.
3
A
ll
ot
he
r
pe
rs
on
al
p
ro
pe
rt
y
an
d
se
co
nd
-h
an
d
go
od
s,
e
.g
. c
lo
th
in
g
an
d
fu
rn
itu
re
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
va
lu
e
of
tr
ad
ed
in
a
rti
cl
es
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
3
P
ay
m
en
ts
r
ec
ei
ve
d
fr
om
b
oa
rd
er
s
an
d
ot
he
r
no
n-
m
em
be
rs
o
f t
he
h
ou
se
ho
ld
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
4
V
A
LU
E
O
F
G
O
O
D
S
A
N
D
S
E
R
V
IC
E
S
R
E
C
E
IV
E
D
B
Y
V
IR
TU
E
O
F
Y
O
U
R
O
C
C
U
P
A
TI
O
N
A
N
D
S
H
O
W
N
A
S
E
X
P
E
N
D
IT
U
R
E
IN
T
H
E
Q
U
E
S
TI
O
N
N
A
IR
E
2.
4.
1
H
ou
si
ng
(v
al
ue
o
f s
ub
si
di
es
, r
ed
uc
ed
in
te
re
st
ra
te
s
an
d
re
nt
, e
tc
.)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
4.
2
Tr
an
sp
or
t (
va
lu
e
of
c
om
pa
ny
tr
an
sp
or
t f
or
pr
iv
at
e
us
e,
re
du
ce
d
ai
r a
nd
tr
ai
n
fa
re
s,
e
tc
.)
...
...
.
(S
ee
P
ar
t L
.1
.2
.1
, p
ag
e
22
a
nd
P
ar
t L
.2
.5
,
pa
ge
2
3)
2.
4.
3
P
en
si
on
, p
ro
vi
de
nt
, m
ed
ic
al
a
nd
a
nn
ui
ty
fu
nd
s
(v
al
ue
o
f e
m
pl
oy
er
's
c
on
tri
bu
tio
n)
. S
ee
P
ar
t R
.4
.6
, p
ag
e
30
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
4.
4
O
th
er
, s
pe
ci
fy
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
Ite
m
In
co
m
e
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
1
2
m
on
th
s
2.
5
G
R
A
TU
IT
IE
S
A
N
D
O
TH
E
R
L
U
M
P
S
U
M
P
A
Y
-
M
E
N
TS
R
E
C
E
IV
E
D
F
R
O
M
P
E
N
S
IO
N
, P
R
O
-
V
ID
E
N
T
A
N
D
O
TH
E
R
IN
S
U
R
A
N
C
E
O
R
F
R
O
M
P
R
IV
A
TE
P
E
R
S
O
N
S
2.
5.
1
Lu
m
p
su
m
s
re
su
lti
ng
fr
om
y
ou
r
em
pl
oy
m
en
t
be
fo
re
r
et
ir
em
en
t (
in
cl
ud
in
g
pa
ym
en
t f
or
le
av
e
no
t t
ak
en
d
ur
in
g
yo
ur
p
er
io
d
of
e
m
pl
oy
m
en
t)
...
...
.
2.
5.
2
E
nd
ow
m
en
t p
ol
ic
ie
s
an
d
ot
he
r
si
m
ila
r
lu
m
p
su
m
s
(e
.g
. a
nn
ui
ty
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
5.
3
Lu
m
p
su
m
s
re
ce
iv
ed
fr
om
th
e
W
or
km
en
's
C
om
pe
ns
at
io
n
an
d
ot
he
r
si
m
ila
r
fu
nd
s
...
...
...
..
2.
5.
4
Li
fe
in
su
ra
nc
e
an
d
in
he
ri
ta
nc
es
r
ec
ei
ve
d
...
...
.
2.
6
C
LA
IM
S
2.
6.
1
F
un
er
al
fu
nd
s,
in
cl
ud
in
g
fu
nd
s'
c
on
tr
ib
ut
io
ns
to
fu
ne
ra
l e
xp
en
se
s
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
6.
2
In
r
es
pe
ct
o
f d
am
ag
e
to
fi
xe
d
pr
op
er
ty
..
...
...
...
.
2.
6.
3
In
r
es
pe
ct
o
f r
oa
d
tr
af
fic
c
ol
lis
io
ns
.
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
6.
4
O
th
er
g
ra
tu
iti
es
, s
pe
ci
fy
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
7
S
to
kv
el
(m
er
ry
-g
o-
ro
un
d)
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
+
+
+
+
18
5
Ite
m
In
co
m
e
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
2.
8
N
et
w
ith
dr
aw
al
s
fr
om
s
av
in
gs
(i
.e
. t
ot
al
w
ith
-
dr
aw
al
s
m
in
us
to
ta
l d
ep
os
its
)
Th
e
su
rr
en
de
r o
f i
ns
ur
an
ce
p
ol
ic
ie
s
m
us
t b
e
in
cl
ud
ed
h
er
e
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
9
N
on
-r
ef
un
da
bl
e
bu
rs
ar
ie
s
fr
om
a
ll
so
ur
ce
s
(S
ee
P
ar
t O
, p
ag
e
25
) .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
10
B
en
ef
its
, d
on
at
io
ns
a
nd
g
ift
s
re
ce
iv
ed
fr
om
pr
iv
at
e
pe
rs
on
s
(e
xc
lu
di
ng
fr
om
m
em
be
rs
o
f t
he
ho
us
eh
ol
d)
, w
el
fa
re
fu
nd
s,
c
lu
bs
, t
he
g
ov
er
n-
m
en
t,
et
c
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
11
C
as
h
(in
cl
ud
in
g
bo
nu
se
s)
fr
om
s
ho
ps
.
...
...
...
...
...
2.
12
V
al
ue
o
f f
oo
d
re
ce
iv
ed
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
2.
13
V
al
ue
o
f h
ou
si
ng
(i
nc
lu
di
ng
b
en
ef
its
, s
uc
h
as
th
e
va
lu
e
of
re
nt
d
ed
uc
tio
ns
a
llo
w
ed
b
y
pe
rs
on
s
an
d
or
ga
ni
sa
tio
ns
o
th
er
th
an
th
e
em
pl
oy
er
)
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
14
V
al
ue
o
f c
lo
th
in
g
(n
ot
re
ce
iv
ed
fr
om
e
m
pl
oy
er
) .
2.
15
V
al
ue
o
f o
th
er
b
en
ef
its
, d
on
at
io
ns
, g
ift
s,
e
tc
.
..
Ite
m
In
co
m
e
fo
r
th
e
pa
st
12
m
on
th
s
2.
16
M
at
er
ni
ty
, s
ic
k
an
d
de
at
h
be
ne
fit
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
17
R
ei
m
bu
rs
em
en
ts
fr
om
M
ed
ic
al
A
id
(w
hi
ch
h
as
no
t b
ee
n
co
ve
re
d
in
P
ar
t K
)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
2.
18
A
ll
ot
he
r
in
co
m
e
(e
.g
. f
ro
m
g
am
bl
in
g,
P
er
a
an
d
T
V
J
ac
kp
ot
w
in
ni
ng
s)
, s
pe
ci
fy
:
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.
19
A
ll
ot
he
r
in
co
m
e
no
t e
ls
ew
he
re
s
pe
ci
fie
d
...
...
..
TO
TA
L
O
TH
E
R
IN
C
O
M
E
(I
TE
M
2
.1
2
.1
9)
+
R
eg
io
n
no
P
S
U
n
o
H
h.
n
o
Q
ue
st
io
nn
ai
re
n
o
+
+
+
18
6
C
O
M
M
E
N
TS
FO
R
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
IN
G
N
A
M
E
S
IG
N
A
TU
R
E
N
U
M
B
E
R
D
A
TE
E
D
IT
E
D
IN
F
IE
LD
C
O
D
E
D
IN
F
IE
LD
C
H
E
C
K
E
D
B
Y
R
E
G
IO
N
A
L
S
U
P
E
R
V
IS
O
R
C
H
E
C
K
E
D
A
T
H
E
A
D
O
FF
IC
E
C
O
D
E
D
A
T
H
E
A
D
O
FF
IC
E
C
on
fid
en
tia
l
Fo
rm
1
n
um
be
r
C
E
N
TR
A
L
B
U
R
E
A
U
O
F
S
TA
TI
S
TI
C
S
FO
R
M
2
N
at
io
na
l P
la
nn
in
g
C
om
m
is
si
on
S
ec
re
ta
ri
at
N
am
ib
ia
H
ou
se
ho
ld
In
co
m
e
an
d
E
xp
en
di
tu
re
S
ur
ve
y
20
03
/0
4
D
A
IL
Y
R
E
C
O
R
D
B
O
O
K
W
E
E
K
1
Fr
om
To
D
ay
M
on
th
D
ay
M
on
th
R
eg
io
n
P
S
U
n
um
be
r
H
ou
se
ho
ld
s
am
pl
e
nu
m
be
r
S
ur
ve
y
ro
un
d
IN
TE
R
V
IE
W
E
R
n
um
be
r
N
am
e
S
ig
na
tu
re
D
at
e
Y
Y
M
M
D
D
S
U
P
E
R
V
IS
O
R
n
um
be
r
N
am
e
S
ig
na
tu
re
D
at
e
Y
Y
M
M
D
D
18
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Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 203
Appendix 5 Specifi cation of sub groups
Education
Variable Sub group Specifi cation
Highest level of
educational attainment
Primary Currently in Sub A/ Grade 1
Sub A/Grade 1
Sub B/Grade 2
Standard 1/ Grade 3
Standard 2/ Grade 4
Standard 3/ Grade 5
Standard 4/ Grade 6
Standard 5/ Grade 7
Secondary Standard 6/ Grade 8
Standard 7/ Grade 9
Standard 8/ Grade 10
Standard 9/ Grade 11
Standard 10/ Grade 12
Higher Grades (Grade 13, A Level)
Tertiary University/technical undergraduate
University postgraduate
Post standard 10/grade12
Teatcher training (dipolma, certifi cates)
Bachelors degree
Main source of income
Variable Sub group Specifi cation
Main source of income
Salaries/wages Salaries and/or wages
Subsistence farming Subsistence farming
Commercial farming Commercial farming
Business income Business activities, non-farming
Rental income
Interest from savings/investments
Pensions Pensions
Remittances/grants Cash remittances
Maintenance grants
Drought/in kind receipts Drought relief assistance
In kind receipts
Other Other
Not stated No income
Not stated
Appendices
204 Central Bureau of Statistics
Housing
Type of dwelling Detached Detached house
Semi-detached Semi-detached house/Town House
Flat Apartment
Guest fl at
Mobile home Mobile home (caravan/tent)
Single quarters Singel quarters
Traditional dwelling Traditional dwelling
Improvised house Improvised housing unit
Other Part commercial/industrial building
Other
Materials used for dwelling
Roof, outer walls Cement blocks/brick tiles Cement blocks/bricks/stones
Burnt bricks/Face bricks
Brick tiles
Corrugated iron/Zinc Corrugated iron/Zinc
Wood,grass,cow dung Wooden poles, sticks and gras
Sticks, mud, clay and/or cow dung
Thatch, grass
Asbestos Asbestos
Other Slate
Other
Not stated None
Not stated
Materials used for dwelling
Floor Sand Sand
Concrete Concrete
Mud Mud, clay and/or cow dung
Wood Wood
Other Other
Not stated
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 205
Housing continued..
Type of tenure Owned with no mortgage Owned with no outstanding debts
Owned with mortgage Owned, but not yet fully paid off
Occupied free Occupied free
Rented Rented without subsidy
Rented with subsidy
Other Other
Not stated Not stated
Source of energy Electricity Electricity from mains
Electricity from generator
Solar energy Solar energy
Gas Gas
Parafi n Paraffi n
Wood or wood charcoal Wood or wood charcoal
Coal Coal
Candles Candles
Animal dung Animal dung
Other Other
None None
Not stated Not stated
Source of water Piped water Piped (tap) water in dwelling
Piped (tap) water on site or in yard (outside)
Neighbours tap
Public tap
Water-carrier/tanker
Boreholes/protected wells Borehole, private
Borehole, communal
Well, protected
Stagnant water Rain-water tank on site
Dam/Pool/Stagnant water
Well, unprotected
Flowing water Flowing water/Stream/River/Canal
Spring
Other source Other
Not stated
Appendices
206 Central Bureau of Statistics
Housing continued..
Toilet facilities Flush toilet
Flush toilet connected to a public
sewage system
Flush toilet connected to a septic tank
Pit latrine Pit latrine with ventilation pipe(VIP)
Pit latrine without ventilation pipe
Bucket toilet Bucket toilet
Other Other
Bush/No toilet Bush/No toilet
Not stated Not stated
Appendices
Central Bureau of Statistics 207
Consumption
Variable Sub group Specifi cation
Consumption group Food/beverages Food and non-alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
Ready-made foods
Housing Rent paid for dwelling
Other rental costs
Estimated value of rent for dwelling occupied free or owned
Maintenance and repair of dwelling
Water, sewage, garbage, refuse collection charges
Other services related to the dwelling (cleaning, security etc.)
Electricity, gas and other fuels like charcoal, fi rewood etc.
Clothing/footwear Cost of clothing
Cost of footwear
Cost of home-made clothes and clothing repairs
Health Actual household cost of health services
Cost of medicines
Education Tuition and attendance fees for
Pre-primary schools
Primary, secondary and combined schools
Teatchers training, agricultural and technical colleges
Universities
Private tuition of educational nature
Other education
Furnishing/equipment Furnishing and household equipment
Payment of domestic workers
Cost of furniture, fi xtures and fl oor coverings
Cost of household textiles
Cost of appliances
Household utensils
Tools and equipment for the household
Goods and services for routine household maintenance
Transport/communication Private vehicles, purchased
Running costs for private transport
Public and hired transport
Communication equipment
Two-way radios
Communication for household purposes
Other Recreation and culture
Accommodation services (incl. boarding fees for schools etc.)
Miscellaneous goods and services
Appendices
208 Central Bureau of Statistics
Abbreviations
APCI Adjusted per capita income
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CI Confi dence Interval
COICOP Classifi cation of Individual Consumption by Purpose
CPI Consumer Price Index
DRB Daily Record Book
EA Enumeration Area
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
NDP National Development Plan
NEPRU Namibia Economic Policy Research Unit
NHIES Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey
NPCS National Planning Commission Secretariat
PES Post Enumeration Survey
PSU Primary Sampling Unit
RSE Relative Standard Error
SE Standard Error
Sida Swedish International Development Agency
SQL Sequence Query Language
UNAM University of Namibia
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF United Nations International Childrens Fund
UR Urban Rural
ISBN: 0-86976-724-0